APUSH Exam - TP 2 (COLONIZATION)

1608-1754; includes english colonization and the beginning of American society

What is the span of the “colonization” period (TP 2)?

1607-1754

Virginia Company

Private company that sponsored the voyage that carried settlers to Jamestown that was supported by the queen

Reformation in England

Henry the eighth created the Anglican church when he broke away from the Catholic Church to divorce, his wife; his descendants continued to persecute Catholics

Roanoke

The first attempt at settling Roanoke failed because all of them returned to England

The second time, 100 more settlers try again, but the entire colony disappeared without a trace

Motivations for English colonization

-Gaining influence by expanding their territory (glory)

-colonize and convert the natives before the Catholic Spanish could (God)

-get the rich resource resources (gold)

-too many people, but not enough space

Indentured servants

People who couldn’t pay exchanged a few years of their freedom for passage to America

Had very few rights and were often physically mistreated

After their sentence ended, they were free, but most didn’t survive and those who did did not get the life they expected

Colony types

Corporate colony - stockholders granted a charter from the English throne, and have a sale on governance

Royal colony - under the direct authority and rule of the King’s government

Proprietary colony - a grant of land and governmental authority to a single individual

Jamestown

Had a rocky start and was almost abandoned

-run by John Smith, who was a strict governor and forced labor

-had to abandon search for gold in lie farming

Headright system

50 acres awarded to anyone paying for themselves or others

-people would get more land for bringing indentured servants

House of Burgesses

First elected assembly in colonial America in Virginia in 1619 but only wealthy people could vote

Mayflower Compact

Document signed in 1620 stating a majority rules government and was signed by working class men. This is the beginning of democracy in the United States.

Pilgrims vs Puritans vs Separatists

-Pilgrims were just people who moved over

-separatists wanted to completely separated from the Church of England

-Puritan/ just wanted to reform or purify the church of England

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Formed by merchants, hoping to trade with Indians

Major population boost

The Great Migration

migration of 21,000 English Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony

-a quarter where the servants; the rest were families

-had a healthy population growth and equal gender ratio

Quakers

Religious group who believed all people possessed the spirit of God

Abolitionist and believed in equal rights for women and religious freedom

Mercantilism

Policy made by imperial powers that regulates the economy to benefit the imperial power

-completely controls trade

-Encourages manufacturing and commerce with bounties and monopolies

-EXPORTS EXCEED IMPORTS

Navigation Acts

Law passed by Parliament control trade

Colonial products had to be exported on English ships and imports had to be imported on English ships.

Increase the shipbuilding industry, and everyone profited, but especially English merchants

Dominion of New England

Combined New England, New York and New Jersey to reduce colony independence

Rolled over by the New York governor, who didn’t have to answer to an elected assembly

Eventually, the colonies rebelled and reverted to individual governments

Later Maryland’s religious toleration ended, New York was divided, and Massachusetts became a royal colony

Salem Witch Trials

Women were belief to have made a deal with the devil magic and blamed for town problems

Usually older women that didn’t meet gender norms and were accused by younger girls who had nightmare nightmares. Many blamed others to save their own necks.

Were executed (usually hanged)

Revealed holes in justice system, and encouraged science instead

Atlantic (triangular) trade

The focus was the Caribbean

Major cities were New York City, Charleston, and Savannah

Caused an increase in Port cities, banking, insurance, shipbuilding and eventually the industrial revolution

Spanish Colonial efforts

Wanted to extract wealth from the land

Led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity and incorporating them into Spanish colonial society

French and Dutch colonial efforts

Focused on trade alliances and intermarriage with Native Americans to build economic and diplomatic relationships, and acquire furs and other products for export

English colonial efforts

Attracted a lot of migrants who sought social mobility, economic, prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions

Focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from natives

Chesapeake colonies

exported tobacco, a labor intensive product

First cultivated by white male, indentured servants, and later by enslaved Africans

New England colonies

initially settled by Puritans

Developed around small towns with family farms

Achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce

Middle Colonies

Flourishing expert economy based on cereal crops

Attracted abroad range of European immigrants leading to societies with greater diversity and tolerance

South and West Indies

Used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops

Depended on labor of enslaved Africans, who were the majority of the population and developed cultural and religious autonomy

King Phillip’s war/ Metacom’s war

Indian leader, Metacom a.k.a. King Philip led an uprising against the colonist

The Iroquois aided the colonists and that alliance ended the Indian attacks

The colonist gained freedoms

Bacon’s Rebellion

Rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 against governor Berkeley of Virginia

Berkeley would not let the settlers take native land

Mainly conflict of Virginia elite

Bacon wanted to remove all Native Americans from Virginia

Slaves vs Indentured Servants

African slaves couldn’t claim English rights

Slaves terms never ended

They couldn’t escape and hide in the population because of their skin color

Slaves were accustomed to the harsh labor

They already had immunity to European diseases

Atlantic slave trade/Middle Passage

Importation of slaves from Africa because they needed slaves to grow rice sugar etc; most went to Brazil and the West Indies

Weakened Africa’s economy

Really cramped ships brought over the slaves; sometimes epidemics would break out within the ships

Transported 12 million slaves and killed even more

Anne Hutchinson

Midwife and daughter of clergyman who was clever, witty, and believed salvation, was given, not earned

She blamed the priest for raising up saints for good deeds

Put on trial for antinomianism and sedition and was banished

antinomianism

Putting one’s own judgment before church; considered a crime against the

Salutary neglect

Britain ignored the colonies for the first few decades of the 1700s and gave the colonist a lot of freedom over the economy and government

Zenger Trial

German immigrant who was financed by the government’s opponents, attacked the government in his paper and was arrested in charged with sedition

He was acquitted and inspired more freedom of the press

Benjamin Franklin

Self educated and established a newspaper library and almanac

One of the most famous Americans of the time

Large part of the revolution

Great Awakening

Religious revivals across the world that offered a more personal Christianity in response to the enlightenment

Encouraged increased liberties and criticism of society and believed religious freedom was a right

Told colonists to trust themselves

Jonathan Edwards

Great Awakening preacher and Massachussets congregationalist minister who described sinners as “insects” and declared that only begging for mercy would save them.

George Whitefield

Great Awakening preacher who preached that God was merciful and people could save themselves by repenting

Very popular

Democratic aspects of the colonies

Elected assemblies, and governors (House of Burgess)

Non-democratic aspects of the colonies

Slavery, forced religion, mercantilism, and Dominion of New England

Interactions with the Native Americans

There was both accommodation and conflict; both allies and enemies

British conflict with American Indians, overland resources and political boundaries led to military confrontations

American Indian resistance to the Spanish colonizing led to Spanish accommodations of some aspects of native culture