Research EBP Exam #1 (Chapter 3, 4, and 5)

Secondary sources

Summaries of research studies written by individuals other than the original researchers

Conference presentations

Research reports presented orally or as poster sessions at professional conferences

Peer review

Process where journal articles are reviewed by other experts often blindly to ensure objectivity

IMRAD format

Standard organization of research articles consisting of Introduction Method Results and Discussion

Title of qualitative study

Title section communicating the central phenomenon and group under investigation

Title of quantitative study

Title section communicating key study variables and the population of interest

Abstract

Brief description of the major features of a study located at the beginning of a journal article

Introduction section

Article section describing the central phenomenon or variables study purpose research questions hypotheses literature review framework and study significance

Quantitative method section

Method section describing research design sampling plan methods of measuring variables procedures and analytic methods

Qualitative method section

Method section describing the research setting study context and efforts to enhance study integrity

Quantitative results section

Results section presenting statistical test names calculated statistic values and levels of statistical significance

Qualitative results section

Results section organizing findings into major themes or categories and including raw participant quotes

Discussion section

Article section containing interpretation of results clinical and research implications and study limitations

Critical appraisal

Objective assessment of a study's strengths and limitations to evaluate its accuracy and clinical relevance

Research inference

Conclusion drawn from study evidence using logical reasoning while accounting for study methods

Reliability

Accuracy and consistency of obtained information in quantitative research

Validity

Soundness of evidence evaluating whether findings are convincing well-grounded and support inferences

Trustworthiness

Overall evaluative criterion in qualitative studies encompassing credibility confirmability dependability transferability and authenticity

Credibility

Key criterion of trustworthiness achieved when researchers engender confidence in the truth of data and interpretations

Triangulation

Use of multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions about truth enhancing credibility in qualitative and quantitative research

Research bias

Distortion or influence that results in an error in study inferences

Research control

Quantitative technique holding extraneous confounding variables constant to isolate relationships between independent and dependent variables

Randomness

Allowing study aspects to be left to chance rather than choice to control confounding variables and avoid bias

Blinding or masking

Concealing information from participants data collectors or providers in quantitative studies to prevent awareness bias

Reflexivity

Process of reflecting critically on oneself and personal values that could affect data collection and interpretation

Generalizability

Quantitative criterion assessing the extent to which study findings apply to other groups and settings

Transferability

Qualitative criterion assessing the extent to which findings can be applied to other settings supported by rich descriptive context

Nazi medical experiments

Unethical 1930s and 1940s studies exposing subjects to harm and coercion leading to the Nuremberg Code

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Unethical forty-year study starting in 1932 that withheld medical treatment from Black male syphilis patients

Guatemala STD study

Unethical study conducted by Dr. John Cutler intentionally exposing subjects to STDs to test treatments

Willowbrook Study

Unethical hepatitis A research involving deliberate infection of mentally retarded children with coerced parental consent

Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study

Unethical study where twenty-two patients were injected with live cancer cells without consent or IRB review

Nuremberg Code

Early 1949 international code of research ethics emphasizing voluntary consent right to withdraw and subject protection

Declaration of Helsinki

Ethical code created in 1964 by the World Medical Association differentiating therapeutic from nontherapeutic research

Belmont Report

Landmark 1978 US report establishing the ethical principles of beneficence respect for human dignity and justice

Code of Ethics for Nurses

Ethical standards issued and updated by the American Nurses Association and International Council of Nurses to guide practice and research

HIPAA

Federal act enacted in 2003 protecting public and private database information and protected health information

Human rights in research

Claims and demands essential for individual self-respect dignity and health that researchers must protect

Principle of Beneficence

Duty imposed on researchers to do no harm maximize benefits and minimize physical or emotional harm and exploitation

Right to freedom from harm and discomfort

Aspect of beneficence requiring researchers to minimize physical mental or emotional strain

Right to protection from exploitation

Aspect of beneficence ensuring participants are not placed at a disadvantage or exploited

Principle of Respect for Human Dignity

Ethical principle encompassing participants' right to self-determination and right to full disclosure

Right to self-determination

Right of participants to voluntarily decide on participation without coercion ask questions or withdraw at any time

Right to full disclosure

Right to receive a complete description of the study voluntary rights and potential risks and benefits without deception

Principle of Justice

Ethical principle encompassing participants' rights to fair treatment and privacy

Right to fair treatment

Aspect of justice ensuring equitable distribution of research benefits and burdens

Right to privacy

Aspect of justice ensuring research is non-intrusive and maintains confidentiality and anonymity

Anonymity

Confidentiality procedure where researchers cannot link individual participants to their collected data

Confidentiality

Protection of participants' private data implemented when anonymity cannot be maintained

Certificate of Confidentiality

NIH-issued certificate protecting researchers from forced disclosure of confidential participant data to authorities

Ethical dilemma in research

Situation where the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with study requirements

Research misconduct

Unethical behavior in research including plagiarism fabrication of results and falsification of data

Informed consent

Process ensuring participants receive adequate study information comprehend it and voluntarily choose to participate or decline

Implied consent

Form of consent assumed when participants complete and return self-administered questionnaires

Process consent

Form of consent continuously renegotiated over time during qualitative studies

Debriefing

Post-data-collection sessions where participants can ask questions voice concerns or learn about study findings

Vulnerable subjects

Study participants requiring special protections due to inability to give fully informed consent or high risk for unintended effects

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Peer committee of at least five diverse members that examines research proposals to ensure participant protection and ethical behavior

Research problem

Enigmatic perplexing or troubling condition that creates a need for research inquiry

Problem statement

Statement articulating a research problem and making a persuasive argument to conduct a new study

Statement of purpose

Concise summary articulating the overall goal or objective of a research study

Research questions

Specific queries a researcher seeks to answer to address the research problem

Hypotheses

Predictions about expected relationships among study variables in quantitative research

Sources of research problems

Origins of research topics including clinical experience nursing literature global or political issues theory and funder priorities

Components of a problem statement

Elements including problem identification background scope consequences of inaction knowledge gaps and proposed solution

Grounded theory research question

Qualitative research question posing queries about social processes

Phenomenological research question

Qualitative research question posing queries about the lived meaning of experiences

Ethnographic research question

Qualitative research question posing queries about cultural descriptions

Descriptive research question

Quantitative query asking about the characteristics or prevalence of a phenomenon

Comparative research question

Quantitative query comparing the relative effectiveness of two or more interventions or conditions

Correlational research question

Quantitative query investigating the relationship or association between two or more variables

Quantitative statement of purpose

Statement identifying key study variables possible relationships target population and nature of inquiry using verbs like to test or compare

Qualitative statement of purpose

Statement identifying central phenomenon target group or setting and research tradition using verbs like to explore or describe

Directional hypothesis

Hypothesis specifying the expected direction of the relationship between variables

Nondirectional hypothesis

Hypothesis predicting the existence of a relationship without specifying its direction

Simple hypothesis

Hypothesis predicting a relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable

Complex hypothesis

Hypothesis predicting relationships among two or more independent variables and/or dependent variables

Research hypothesis

Declarative statement expressing the actual predicted relationship between variables

Null hypothesis

Statement expressing the absence of a relationship between variables used specifically in statistical testing