Ap world unit 2 new

Silk Roads

Trade network connecting East Asia Central Asia the Middle East and Europe that facilitated the exchange of luxury goods ideas religions and diseases

Types of goods carried on Silk Roads

Included silk spices porcelain precious metals gems and textiles mainly luxury goods for elites

Ideas and technology spread on the Silk Road

Religions like Buddhism and Islam spread along with technologies such as paper printing and gunpowder

Camels and pack animals

Camels especially Bactrian were essential for desert travel and horses and yaks were also used for carrying goods

Caravanserai and oasis cities

Caravanserai were inns that supported travelers and merchants and oasis cities were vital trade stops in desert regions

Paper Money bank houses letters of credit

Financial innovations like paper money and letters of credit made long distance trade safer and easier

Spread of Buddhism

Buddhism spread from India into Central and East Asia through merchants and monks traveling along the Silk Roads

Buddhist monasteries on Silk Road

Served as religious centers and safe lodging for travelers and supported local economies

Cave art in Dunhuang

Buddhist murals and manuscripts found in Western China showing cultural blending along trade routes

The Black Death

Bubonic plague pandemic spread along Silk Roads in the fourteenth century killing millions across Eurasia

Impact of Black Death

Massive population decline labor shortages and social upheaval that weakened empires and economies

Indian Ocean naval technology

Included lateen sails dhows junks and navigational knowledge of monsoon winds that enabled sea trade

Swahili City States

East African coastal trading cities like Kilwa and Mombasa that thrived from Indian Ocean trade in gold ivory and slaves

Buddhism and Islam on the Sea Roads

Buddhism spread to Southeast Asia and Islam spread widely via Muslim merchants along maritime routes

State building in Indonesia

States like Srivijaya and Majapahit rose by controlling trade routes and collecting tribute

Islam Muslim Merchants on the Sea Roads

Muslim merchants linked ports from East Africa to Southeast Asia spreading Islam and trade networks

Religious Monuments Borobudur Angkor Wat

Borobudur was a large Buddhist temple in Java and Angkor Wat a Hindu Buddhist temple in Cambodia

Trade and Islam

Islamic law and language facilitated trade and Muslim merchant networks promoted trust and exchange

Great Zimbabwe

Powerful Southern African kingdom that controlled gold trade and built massive stone structures

The Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty from 1368 to 1644 that overthrew the Mongols and restored Han rule and culture

Reaction to the Mongols

Ming rulers reestablished Chinese traditions and limited outside influence after Mongol rule

Zheng He

Muslim admiral who led large Ming treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean to demonstrate Chinese power

Achievements of Ming voyages

Established diplomatic ties mapped new regions and displayed Chinese wealth and naval technology

Differences between Ming and European voyages

Ming voyages were state led and diplomatic while European voyages sought exploration colonization and wealth

Mali Songhai and Ghana

West African empires that controlled trans Saharan trade in gold and salt and built centers of learning

Sub Saharan trade gold salt slaves

Trade routes connected West Africa with North Africa exchanging gold salt and enslaved people

Camel Saddle

Invention that improved camel transport efficiency and enabled expanded trade across the Sahara

American Web

Loose network of regional trade connections in the pre Columbian Americas less extensive than Afro Eurasian trade

Aztec Pochteca

Professional merchant class in the Aztec Empire who traded luxury goods and acted as spies or diplomats

Incan roads

Vast Andean road system that connected the empire for communication transport and trade

Cahokia

Major Mississippian city near the Mississippi River that served as a large trade and ceremonial center

Chaco Phenomenon

Complex of settlements and roads in the American Southwest used for trade and religion by the Pueblo peoples

Spread of Maize

Maize cultivation spread from Mesoamerica throughout North and South America supporting population growth

Compare the Silk Sea and Sand roads

Silk traded luxury goods over land Sea roads moved bulk goods by ship Sand roads linked Africa via camel trade

Trade networks in America vs Afro Eurasia

American trade was regional and lacked large transport animals or maritime connections unlike Afro Eurasia

Common features of pastoral people

Nomadic herders dependent on livestock who moved seasonally and traded with settled farmers

Differences between pastoral and agricultural societies

Pastoralists were mobile and livestock based while agricultural societies were settled and crop based

Relationship between pastoral and agricultural societies

They traded goods but often clashed over land and resources

Pastoral technology

Included saddles stirrups composite bows and horse based warfare innovations

Examples of pastoralists Xiongnu Arabs Berbers Turks

Nomadic peoples who herded animals and influenced major civilizations through trade and conquest

Role of women in Mongol society

Women held higher status managed households and sometimes advised leaders

Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire who united tribes and created the largest contiguous empire in history

Rise of the Mongol Empire

Resulted from Genghis Khan’s leadership military organization and incorporation of conquered peoples

Mongol military tactics and technology

Used horse archery psychological warfare and siege weapons for rapid conquest

Mongol attempts to invade Japan

Failed invasions in 1274 and 1281 due to typhoons known as kamikaze

Causes of Mongol military success

Superior mobility discipline intelligence gathering and adaptable strategies

Mongol Khanates and conquered regions

Yuan Dynasty in China Ilkhanate in Persia Chagatai in Central Asia and Golden Horde in Russia

Mongol rule in China

Adopted Chinese administration and culture but remained ethnically separate rulers

Mongol rule in Persia

Initially destructive but later Mongols converted to Islam and adopted Persian culture

Mongol rule in Russia

Indirect rule through tribute paying princes that isolated Russia from Western Europe

Effects of Mongol rule

Expanded trade spread technology and ideas but caused destruction and spread disease

Exchange of technology under Mongols

Spread of gunpowder printing compass and medical knowledge across Eurasia

Religion under Mongols

Religious tolerance with leaders often supporting multiple faiths or converting themselves

Goods under Mongols

Increased Eurasian trade in silk spices and luxury items during Pax Mongolica

Silk Roads protection under Mongols

Empire provided security for merchants and safe passage for caravans

Disease Black Death under Mongols

Mongol trade networks helped transmit plague from Asia to Europe

Impacts on conquered regions

Population loss destruction political restructuring and cultural blending

Impact of Mongols on Islam

Some Mongols converted to Islam and others destroyed Islamic centers before rebuilding them

Causes of the fall of the Mongol Empire

Overexpansion succession struggles disease and loss of control in distant regions

Mongol Khanates

Four divisions of the Mongol Empire that ruled different regions after Genghis Khan’s death

The Crusades

Series of religious wars between European Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land

Interactions within the Islamic World

Trade scholarship and pilgrimage linked North Africa the Middle East and South Asia

Islam and trade

Islamic merchants and Sharia law facilitated long distance trade and trust across regions

Cultural and intellectual transfers in the Islamic World

Exchange of scientific mathematical and philosophical knowledge across the Muslim world