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121 Terms

1

political economy

The study of the interaction between states and markets

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2

Markets

interaction between buyers and sellers

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3

Property

Ownership of the goods and services exchanged through the market

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4

Public Goods

Goods provided or secured by the states that are available for society and no one can own them

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5

social expenditures

State provision of public benefits, such as education, health care, and transportation

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6

GDP

the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

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7

central bank

an institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy as well as how much it costs to borrow money in that economy

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8

Inflation

General increase in the general price level of goods and services

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9

Hyperinflation

Inflation of more than 50 percent a month for more than two months in a row

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10

Deflation

Too many goods are chasing too little money

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11

regulation

Rules or orders that set the boundaries of a given procedure

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12

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

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13

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

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14

Quotas

limit the quantity of a good coming into the country

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15

non-tariff regulatory barriers

may create health, packaging, or other restrictions and whose purpose is to protect its citizens and make it difficult or expensive for foreign goods to be sold in the local market

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16

Why regulate trade?

generate revenue and protect domestic industry

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17

Why not regulate trade?

-to promote competition

-to keep the costs of goods low

-to stimulate domestic innovation in areas of comparative advantage

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18

political-economic system

the actual relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country, as well as the policies and outcomes they create

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19

Liberalism

High priority on individual political and economic freedom, limits state power

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20

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

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21

Capitalism

An economic system based on private property and free markets

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22

8 key conditions for economic development

1. Infrastructure investment

2. Investment in education and health to develop human capita

3. Macroeconomic stability

4. Open trade and investment regimes on active private sector

5. Public Governance

6. Social Inclusiveness

7. Vision for the future

8. Political stability, security and good relations with neighboring countries

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23

Mercantilism

Economic system in which national economic power is paramount and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exist primarily to serve the needs of the Tate

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24

Parastatals

industry partially owned by the state

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25

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

estimates of the buying power of a currency by comparing the cost of a product in multiple countries

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26

Gini Index

measures income inequality

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27

Human Development Index (HDI)

assesses health, education, and wealth of population

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28

economic liberalization

cutting taxes, reducing regulation, privatizing state-owned businesses and public goods, and expanding property rights

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29

Voodoo Economics

an economic policy perceived as being unrealistic and ill-advised, especially a policy of maintaining or increasing levels of public spending while reducing taxation.- Ronald Reagan

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30

Patrimonialism

system that distributes political and economic power to a small group of regime supporters within the state while holding society in check by force

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31

political violence

Violence outside of state control that is politically motivated

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32

Revolution

Public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime

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33

Factors of Revolution

Public participation, want to gain state control, remove entire regime

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34

relative deprivation

Model that predicts revolution when public expectations outpace the rate of democratic change

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35

Terrorism

The use of violence by nonstate actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal

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36

state-sponsored terrorism

Terrorism supported directly by a state as an instrument of foreign policy

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37

guerrilla warfare

A conflict whereby non state combatants abide by the rules of law and targets the state

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38

nihilism

A belief that all institutions and values are essentially meaningless and that the only redeeming value is violence

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39

free trade

international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

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40

A+B= increased volume of trade

A= industrialize for export

B= lower trade restriction

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41

Free Trade Agreement

an agreement between member countries to remove duties and trade barriers on products traded among them. You actually sign the contract

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42

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)

A multilateral free trade agreement being negotiated by 12 Asia Pacific countries

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43

Democracy

Political power exercised either directly or indirectly by the people through participation, competition and liberty

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44

Republicanism

Separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials

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45

civil society

organized life outside the state

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46

Executive

Branch that carries out the laws and policies of a state

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47

Head of State

a role that symbolizes and represents the people, both nationally and internationally, embodying and articulating the goals of the regime

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48

head of government

The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy

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49

Legislature

Viewed as the body in which natural politics is considered and debated

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50

bicameral system

legislatures that contain two houses

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51

unicameral system

legislature with one house

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52

Constitutional court

ensures that legislation is compatible with the constitution

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53

concrete review

Constitutional court rules on the basis of actual legal disputes

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54

Abstract Review

Court rules on questions that don't arise from actual legal disputes

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55

vote of no confidence

Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister. Depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections.

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56

presidential system

a system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other

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57

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president.

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58

electoral system

A set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature

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59

Constituencies

each a geographic area that an elected official represents

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60

single-member district

an electoral district in which a single person is elected to a given office

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61

proportional representation

Electoral system in which political parties compete in multi member districts

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62

First past the post system

Individual candidates compete in single member districts

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63

multi-member districts

more than one legislative seat is contested in each district

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64

mixed electoral system

combines plurality or majority SMDs with PR

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65

Referendum

A national vote called by a government to address a specific proposal, often a change to the constitution

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66

Initiative

A national vote called by members of the public to address a specific proposal

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67

Civil rights

Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime

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68

Civil Liberties

Individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime

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69

Ten conditions of democracy

1. Elites committed to Democracy

2. State Institutions

3. National Unity

4. National wealth

5. Private Enterprise

6. A middle class

7. Support of the disadvantaged for democracy

8. Citizen participation, civil society, democratic, political country

9. Education and freedom of information

10. Favorable integrated environment

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70

6 Ways to End terrorism

1. Decapitation

2. Negotiation.

3. Success

4. Failure

5. Repression

6. Reorientation

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71

developed democracies

A country with institutionalized democracy and a high level of economic development

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72

Modern

Characterized as secular, rational, materialistic, technological, and bureaucratic, and placing a greater emphasis on individual freedom than in the past

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73

Post modern

characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations and give less attention to material gain

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74

Intergovernmental system

Two or more countries cooperate on issues- UN

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75

supernational system

An intergovernmental system with its own sovereign powers over member states- EU

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76

Neoliberal

A policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from liberal international organizations; typically includes privatizing state-run firms, ending subsidies, reducing tariff barriers, shrinking the size of the state, and welcoming foreign investment

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77

Third Way

Term describing recent policies of the Labour Party that embrace the free market

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78

Celtic Fringe

Welsh and Scots

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79

Common Law

a system of law based on precedent and customs

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80

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

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81

Parliament

UK Legislature

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82

English Civil War

1642-1651 defenders of Charles vs Supporters of Parliament

Parliament won and executed Charles

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83

common wealth

UK and 52 of its former colonies

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84

House of Lords

the upper house of the British parliament

- use to represent aristocracy

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85

House of Commons

England's lower house in Parliament

- in the past represent lower class

- 650 members

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86

Collective Consensus

Postwar consensus between the UK's major parties to build and sustain a welfare state.

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87

hung parliament

no party has a majority (2010)

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88

Majoritarian

Term describing the virtually unchecked power of a parliamentary majority in the UK political system

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89

Prime Minister

Max five years

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90

Scottish National Party

Scottish independence

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91

Good Friday Agreement

an agreement to end the conflict in Northern Ireland signed in 1998 by Protestants and Catholics

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92

Quangos

Quasi-autonomous nongovernmental organizations that assist the government in making policy

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93

Trades Union Congress (TUC)

A confederation of the UK's largest trade unions

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94

Confederation of British Industry (CBI)

The United Kingdom's most important group representing the private sector

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95

The troubles

Name given to the three decades of extreme ethnic conflict (late 1960s to late 1990s) between Northern Ireland's nationalists or republicans, who are mostly Catholic, and unionists or loyalists, who are mostly Protestant

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96

Parliament over Presidents

Diane Francis prefers canadas parliamentary democracy because it is more efficient

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97

Arab Peace Initiative

Proposed in 2002 by the prince of Saudi Arabia and endorsed by all members of the Arab League. Calls for the return to pre-1967 territories, recognition of Palestine as a state with East Jerusalem as its capital and a solution for Palestinian refugees.

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98

US Failures

- DC Doesn't have voting rights

- segregation

- Native reservations

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99

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

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100

American Revolution

1775-1783

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