Molecular Chemistry

Is water polar or non-polar?

polar

Does oxygen have a positive or negative charge?

negative

Does hydrogen have a positive or negative charge?

positive

What are hydrogen bonds?

a weak bond between two molecules

Do nonpolar bonds share electrons equally or unequally.

equally

Do polar bonds share electrons equally or unequally.

unequally

What is cohesion?

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

What does cohesion create?

surface tension

What does cohesion allow?

Columns of water to be drawn up xylem vessels in plants

What is adhesion?

An attraction between molecules of different substances

What is a solute?

Substance being dissolved

What is a solvent?

substance that does the dissolving

What is a solution?

a mixture of solute and solvent

Is water a solute or solvent?

solvent

What do all cells exist in?

a water based medium

What does water do in the body?

allows for the transport of soluble materials that must be transported around the body

What is a hydrophilic substance?

A substance attracted to water. (easily dissolves in water)

What is a hydrophobic substance?

A substance not attracted to water. (does not dissolve in water)

Does water have temperature stabilizing capabilities? What does this mean?

yes, liquids absorb a lot of heat, when they evaporate they leave the surface feeling cooler (sweating)

Does water have a high or low density?

high

Does ice have a higher or lower density than liquid water?

lower

What makes carbon a building block of life?

unique bonding properties, it can combine with itself to form long chains

What is a condensation reaction? (Anabolic Reaction)

A reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing H2O as a by product

What is a hydrolysis reaction? (Catabolic Reaction)

a reaction in which a bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule

What makes a alpha glucose structure?

H on top for c1,c4,

c2 H on top

c3 H on bottom

c5 H on bottom/CH2OH on top

What makes a beta glucose structure?

H on bottom for c1

c2 H on top

c3 H on bottom

c4 H on top

c5 H on bottom/CH2OH on top

What makes a Ribose structure?

Pentagon shape

c1 H on top at angle

H on top for c2,c3

c4 H on bottom at angle

O on top

What makes a triglyceride?

glycerol and 3 fatty acids bonded with 3 ester bonds

What makes a glycerol?

3 C

5 H single bonded on left/top & bottom

3 O single bonded on right

What makes a fatty acid?

1st C double bonded to 1 O on top

more than 1 C bonded with a H on all sides

Carbohydrate elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1)

Carbohydrates function

main source of energy

Carbohydrate basic unit

glucose

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

What type of bond forms between sugar molecules?

glycosidic bond

Cellulose

Beta /Alpha

linkage

shape

plant cell wall/energy storage in animals or plants

Beta glucose

1-4 links

linear

plant structure (cell wall)

Amylose

Beta /Alpha

linkage

shape

plant cell wall/energy storage in animals or plants

Alpha glucose

1-4 bonds

helical shape

energy storage in plants

Amylopectin

Beta /Alpha

linkage

shape

plant cell wall/energy storage in animals or plants

Alpha glucose

1-4 & 1-6 bonds

branched shape

energy storage in plants

Glycogen

Beta /Alpha

linkage

shape

plant cell wall/energy storage in animals or plants

Alpha glucose

1-4 & 1-6 bonds

highly branched

energy storage in animals

How does the shape of a cellulose molecule differ from that of other polysaccharides?

unbranched

straight-chain polymer of glucose

Lipid examples

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

lipid elements and ratio

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:very few)

lipid function

Long term energy storage, insulation, buoyancy, and is a part of the cell membrane

lipid basic unit

fatty acids and glycerol

Saturated fats are ____ at room temperature. Animal or plant?

Solid (ex. butter), animal fats.

monounsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature. Animal or plant?

liquid, plant fats

polyunsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature. Animal or plant?

liquid (ex. oils), plant fats

cis unsaturated fatty acid H placement

hydrogen atoms are nearly always on the same side of the two carbon atoms that are double bonded

trans unsaturated fatty acid H placement

hydrogen atoms are on alternate sides or opposite from each other, produced artificially

ester bonds

Phospholipids makeup. Which side is hydrophilic? Which side is hydrophobic?

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Hydrophilic head

Hydrophobic tails

+HOH type of water

metabolic water

How do fats provide energy?

They have a lot of stored energy used to make energy for other aspects of the organism.

How do fats provide water?

Condensation reactions release metabolic water which is immediately used for the body.

How do fats provide insulation?

increased body fat reduces heat loss to the environment.

Steriods

Estrogen

Testosterone

Progesterone

What do structural polysaccharides do? Examples.

found in cell walls of plants

Cellulose

Chitin

What do storage polysaccharides do? Examples.

responsible for being converted to energy later for body functions

Amylose

Amylopectin

Glycogen

Protien examples

meat/nuts/antibodies/Enzymes

protien elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON) Sometimes S

protein functions

Structure (bones & muscles)

Transport substances in & out of cells

Immune system (antibodies)

control reaction rates & regulate cell processes (enzymes)

communication

Protein basic unit

amino acid

How many different types of amino acids are there?

20 humans can synthesize 8, plants can synthesize all 20

Amino acids are linked by what type of bonds?

peptide bonds

proteins are chains of what

amino acids

what is in the amino group

NH2

What is a carboxyl group?

COOH O on top is double bonded

what does the R group do?

gives each amino acid its distinct properties

Dipeptide

Two amino acids bonded together

oligopeptide

4-10 amino acids joined together

Polypeptide

more than 10 amino acids bonded together

amino acids can be

polar or nonpolar

amino acids with nonpolar R groups are

hydrophobic they fold away from water

amino acids with polar R groups are

hydrophilic they are exposed to water

primary protein structure

sequence of a chain of amino acids

secondary protein structure

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

tertiary protein structure

The 3D folding of a polypeptide chain (may include prosthetic group)

Quaternary protein structure

the way that 2 or more proteins interact and fold

What two types of proteins are there

fibrous and globular

Fibrous proteins

shape

interaction with water

examples

fold into long narrow shapes

insoluble in water

collagen (skin) / Keratin (hair/fingernails)

Globular Proteins

Shape

interaction with water

examples

fold into compact rounded shape

soluable in water

enzymes/antibodies/hemoglobin

function of enzymes

catalyze chemical reactions

function of hormones

decrease blood sugar by increasing cellular uptake of glucose

function of defense proteins

protection against disease (antibody)

function of transport proteins

carry a molecule throughout an organism

function of structural proteins

to support (connective tissue)

Lipoproteins

protein combined with cholesterol/triglycerides/phospolipids

Glycoproteins

proteins combined with oligosaccharides

nucleic acids

chain of nucleotides

example of nucleic acid

DNA and RNA (chromosomes)

elements in nucleic acids

C, H, O, N, P

function of nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information, control cell activity

nucleic acid basic unit

nucleotide (contains a phosphate group, sugar(ribose/deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base)

Nitrogen base

Purines

double ring

Adenine

Guanine

Nitrogen base

Pyrimidines

single ring

cytosine

thymine

how do the two parts of the nitrogeen base bond

2 rings bond to 1 ring

DNA

double/singe

shape

alternating groups

rung makeup

double stranded

double helix

sugar and phosphate covalently bonded

single purine hydrogen bonded to a single pyrimidine

RNA

double/single

shape

alternating groups

rung makeup

single stranded

helical

sugar and phosphate covalently bonded

(Uracil instead of Thymine) single purine (A/G) or a single pyrimidine (U/C)