Social Psychology
The scientific study of how individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others through social interactions.
Social Cognition
How we think of ourselves and others in a social situation.
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Social Psychology
The scientific study of how individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others through social interactions.
Social Cognition
How we think of ourselves and others in a social situation.
Social Influence
How we are influenced by others in a social situation.
Social Behavior
How we behave in social situations.
Attribution Theory
Explains how people decide whether someone's behavior is caused by their personality or their situation.
Attributes
Inference about the cause of behavior.
Dispositional Attributions
Assuming a person's actions are due to their personality, not their situation.
Situational Attributions
Assuming a person's actions are due to circumstances, not their personality.
Explanatory Style
How a person usually explains the reasons behind events—whether they blame themselves or outside factors.
Optimistic Explanatory Style
The habit of explaining good things as likely to happen again and bad things as one-time events.
Pessimistic Explanatory Style
The habit of explaining bad things as likely to happen again and good things as one-time events.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to blame people's actions more on their personality than on situational factors.
Actor-Observer Bias
The habit of blaming our own actions on the situation.
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal characteristics and failures to external factors, enhancing one's self-esteem.
Scenarios for Attribution Theory
An activity to analyze different scenarios and determine whether the behaviors described are due to dispositional (internal) factors or situational (external) factors.
Internal Locus of Control
The belief that one's own actions and decisions directly influence the outcomes and events in their life.
External Locus of Control
The belief that outcomes and events are determined by external forces or fate, rather than one's own actions.
Person Perception
The brain's ability to form impressions and make judgments about others based on limited information.
Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases an individual's preference for that stimulus.
Mere-Exposure Effect
Where repeated exposure to someone or something increases a person's liking for it, simply because of the familiarity that develops over time.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
When a belief about a situation or a person leads to actions that make the belief come true.
Social Comparison
The process of evaluating oneself by comparing with others, often to assess one's abilities, status, or opinions.
Upward Social Comparison
Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be better off or more skilled, which can lead to feelings of inferiority and motivation to improve.
Downward Social Comparison
Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be worse off or less skilled, which can boost self-esteem but may also foster complacency.
Relative Deprivation
A feeling of dissatisfaction or injustice experienced when individuals compare themselves to others and perceive that they are worse off.
Prejudice
Negative attitude-belief or feeling about a group of people based on their membership in the group.
Stereotype
A generalized belief about a particular category of people, often oversimplified and not based on direct experience.
Negative Emotions
Feelings that contribute to prejudice, such as anger, fear, or disgust towards a group.
Discrimination
The action or behavior that results from prejudice, often leading to unfair treatment of individuals based on their group membership.
Microaggressions
Subtle, often unintentional, discriminatory comments or behaviors towards marginalized groups.
Blatant Prejudice
Openly expressed negative beliefs or attitudes towards a group.
Subtle Prejudice
Covert or indirect negative beliefs or attitudes towards a group.
Stereotypes
Can help reduce cognitive load by providing a quick, if oversimplified, way to categorize people and situations without the need for detailed processing of every new piece of information.
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
Implicit Attitudes
Unconscious beliefs or feelings that influence a person's behavior and perceptions without their awareness.
Explicit Attitudes
Beliefs and feelings that are conscious, are deliberately formed and are easy to self-report.
Just-World Phenomenon
A belief that the world is fundamentally fair, leading people to rationalize injustice or misfortune as deserved.
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
The tendency to see members of an out-group as more similar to each other than they really are, often perceiving them as less varied than members of one's own group.
In-Group Bias
The tendency to favor and extend loyalty to members of one's own group over those in other groups, often leading to preferential treatment and judgment.
Targets of prejudice
Racial and ethnic groups, gender, belief systems, LGBTQ individuals.
Ethnocentrism
The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture, often accompanied by a feeling of contempt for other groups.
Belief Perseverance
The tendency to hold on to one's initial beliefs even after they have been shown to be false, often ignoring contradictory evidence presented.
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
Cognitive Dissonance
A psychological discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values, often leading to an alteration in one of the beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort.
Social Norms
Unwritten rules that dictate acceptable behavior within a society or group, influencing how individuals act and interact.
Collectivism
A cultural value that emphasizes the importance of the group or community over individual goals and desires, prioritizing group cohesion and interdependence.
Multiculturalism
The view that promotes the acknowledgment and respect of diverse cultural backgrounds and traditions, encouraging the coexistence and value of various cultural identities within a society.
Social Influence Theory
Theory that aims to explain how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by the presence or actions of others.
Normative Social Influence
The influence to conform to the positive expectations of others, driven by the desire to be liked or accepted by the group.
Informational Social Influence
The influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, often occurring in situations where the correct action or belief is uncertain.
Persuasion
The process of influencing others' attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors through communication, often involving appeals to reason, emotions, or authority.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
A theory that describes how people process persuasive messages in two ways: through deep, thoughtful analysis (central route) or based on quick cues like how appealing or trustworthy the speaker seems (peripheral route).
Elaboration Likelihood Model
A theory of persuasion where it occurs through either the central route (focused on the content) or the peripheral route (focused on external cues), depending on the audience's motivation and ability to process the information.
Central Route of Persuasion
Employs direct, relevant, logical messages and arguments with evidence.
Peripheral Route of Persuasion
Relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic, focusing on attention-getting, emotion-based elements.
Halo Effect
The cognitive bias where a positive impression in one area (like attractiveness) leads to positive evaluations in other areas, influencing overall judgments about a person.
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
A persuasive strategy where agreement to a small, initial request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger, subsequent request.
Motivated Audience
An audience that is willing to think carefully about what is presented and will react based on the arguments.
Superficial Cues
Elements that attract attention but have little to do with the actual content or logic of the message.
Celebrity Endorsement
Using a popular celebrity to promote a product, often appealing to emotions and superficial associations.
Long-term Persuasion
Persuasion that results in a lasting change in attitude or behavior.
Temporary Persuasion
Persuasion that influences individuals for a short period, often reliant on superficial cues.
Environmental Benefits
Positive impacts on the environment that can be highlighted to persuade an audience.
Cost Savings
Financial benefits that can be presented to persuade decision-makers.
Community Health Impact
The positive effects on the health of a community that can be used as a persuasive argument.
Detailed Presentation
A comprehensive and logical argument prepared to persuade an audience, often including data and evidence.
Attractive Imagery
Visually appealing elements used in advertising to attract attention and influence perceptions.
Initial Request
The first small request made to gain compliance for a larger request later.
Subsequent Request
A larger request made after the initial request, relying on prior compliance.
Trendy Lifestyle
A lifestyle associated with popularity and current trends, often used in advertising to appeal to target audiences.
Scientific Research
Evidence-based studies that can be used to support persuasive arguments.
Case Studies
Detailed analyses of specific instances that can provide evidence for persuasive claims.
Logical Messages
Arguments that are based on reasoning and evidence, aimed at persuading a motivated audience.
Emotional Appeals
Persuasive strategies that evoke emotions to influence an audience's decisions.
Petition Signing
An initial small request that can lead to larger commitments in the Foot-in-the-Door Technique.
Door-in-the-Face Technique
A persuasion strategy where a large, initial request is made knowing it will be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request that is more likely to be accepted.
Conformity
The process by which individuals adjust their thoughts, feelings, or behavior to align with those of a group, as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
Solomon Asch (1951)
Study on conformity, eight participants gather in room for 'experiment on visual judgment'.
Asch's Findings
People are more likely to conform when we are made to feel incompetent or insecure, are in a group of at least 3 people, are in a group where everyone else agrees, admire the group's status, have not made a prior commitment to any response, know that others in the group are observing our behavior, and consider culture, gender, age.
Obedience
Changing one's behavior at the direct command of an authority figure (person with social power).
Compliance
Changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of another person (no authority figure).
Stanley Milgram (1963)
Designed one of the most famous experiments in the history of psychology on obedience.
Milgram's Results
Obedience is highest when the person giving the orders was close at hand, the authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution, the victim was depersonalized or at a distance, and there was no role model of defiance.
Group Polarization
When people in a group talk about an idea, they often end up agreeing even more strongly with each other, making their group opinion more extreme.
Groupthink
The desire for harmony or conformity in a group leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcomes.
Groupthink
A decision-making process influenced by the desire for harmony and conformity in a cohesive group, leading to irrational decisions as members prioritize consensus over critical evaluation of alternatives.
False Consensus Effect
A cognitive bias where people overestimate how much others agree with their own beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes.
Social Loafing
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
Social Facilitation
The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others, typically showing improved performance on simple or well-practiced tasks and worse performance on complex or new tasks.
Deindividuation
A psychological state where individuals lose their self-awareness and sense of individuality in group settings, often leading to impulsive and deviant behavior.
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment
An experiment that looked at social roles and situational pressure, considered a simulation now.
Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal
A series of human rights violations committed by personnel of the United States Army and the Central Intelligence Agency against detainees in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.
Social Debt
When a prosocial behavior leads to a perception of being indebted to someone.
Prosocial Behavior
Helping behavior that benefits others.
Altruism
The selfless concern for the well-being of others, leading to behavior that benefits others at a personal cost.
Social Responsibility Norm
The societal expectation that people should help others who need assistance, without regard to future exchanges.
Social Reciprocity Norm
We help others who have helped us.
Kitty Genovese Incident
On March 3rd, 1964 at 3:15 am, Kitty Genovese was stabbed in the parking lot by a man and a half hour later the same man came back to rape and stab her to death.
Diffusion of Responsibility
The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for taking action or helping in a situation when others are present, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of intervention.
Bystander Effect
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely any one individual is to help.