Bio-Exam 1

Prefix for 10^-2

centi

Prefix for micro

10^-6

Scientific notation for 10

1x10^1

Scientific notation for 1000

1x10^3

Scientific notation for 0.01

1x10^-2

Scientific notation for 0.000000001

1x10^-9

The metric system is used by most of the world.

True

Prefix for 10^-1

deci

Prefix for milli

10^-3

Prefix for nano

10^-9

Prefix for 1000x

kilo

1m = how many cm?

100cm

1m = how many mm?

1,000mm

1cm = how many mm?

10mm

Prokaryotic cells lack ___ and ___.

-Internal membrane-bound structures

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles such as ___, and most importantly, a ___.

-Mitochondria

-Nucleus

Animal cells contain ___ and ___.

Lysosomes and Centrioles

The nucleus stores what?

The genetic material

Lysosomes are used for what?

Waste disposal

Centrioles are what?

Cytoskeletal elements that function in cell division

Plant cells contain ___ and a ___?

-Chloroplasts

-Central vacuole

A central vacuole in plant cells is used to maintain what?

Turgor pressure

Exocytosis

Bulk transport of large molecules out of a cell

Where ___ go, ___ follows!

Where Solutes go, Water follows!

Water will move spontaneously from areas where its own concentration is ___ to areas where its own concentration is ___.

Water will move spontaneously from areas where its own concentration is HIGH to areas where its own concentration is LOW.

Hypertonic

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Solutes

substance dissolved in a solution

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Hypotonic

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

Can ions spontaneously cross membranes?

No

Can large molecules spontaneously cross membranes?

No

Can water spontaneously cross membranes?

Yes

Can small molecules spontaneously cross membranes?

Yes

Uniporter

A protein that moves a single molecule across a membrane

Symporter

A protein that moves two molecules in the same direction across a membrane

Antiporter

A protein that moves two molecules in opposite directions across a membrane

______ arise from the combined effects of concentration gradients and electrical gradients across a membrane.

Electrochemical Gradients

_________ uses an electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport to move another substance against its concentration gradient.

Secondary Active Transport

Endocytosis

Bulk transport of large molecules into a cell

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

What are the five SIR model of disease transmission assumptions?

1. No births of new susceptible individuals

2. Immunity is permanent

3. Individuals in the population are perfectly mixed

4. Infected individuals are instantly infectious to others

5. Only one host species

What are the three SIR model categories?

-Basically what does the S, I, and R stand for? S - Susceptible individuals

I - Infected individuals

R - Recovered resistant individuals

What are the two rates of the SIR model?

g - Rate of recovery

b - Rate of transmission

In the SIR model, if the Ro is greater than 1, what will happen to the disease?

It will spread

SIR model

For the SIR model, s must be no greater than 1 to stop the spread.

Ro

In the SIR model, Ro is interpreted as the number of new infections that an infected individual will cause.

Genotype

Genetic makeup - The actual letters of it - Whether it is dominant or recessive.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Allele

Different forms of a gene - The different combos made using Punnett Squares.

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait.

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait.

Gametes

Sex cells.

Locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome.

Proximate explanation

A proximate explanation invokes short-term processes acting within an individual's lifetime, or in ecological time.

Ultimate explanation

An ultimate explanation invokes long term evolutionary changes over generations, or in evolutionary time.

Mutation

A change in preexisting alleles which give rise to new alleles.

Genetic Drift

A mechanism of evolutionary change in which allele frequencies are changed by random events.

Selection (Evolution)

A mechanism of evolutionary change in which differential reproductive success favors some alleles over others.

Genetic Diversity

Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic diversity.

Genetic diversity destruction

Genetic drift and selection both destroy genetic diversity.

Adaptation

An adaptation is a phenotypic variant that results in the highest fitness among a specified set of variants in a given environment.

Teleological Thinking

The process of explaining an event by reference to the outcome or consequences of that event.

Anthropocentric Thinking

The tendency to see humans as biologically special or unique - And the tendency to reason about other organisms by analogy to humans.

Essentialist thinking

The idea that there is some unobservable essential property common to members of a category that causes observable similarities among category members.

Eras of geological time

The 4 eras needed to know from latest to most recent: Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic.

Acronym for geological eras

An acronym to remember the 4 eras needed to know for the exam again from latest to most recent: Please Pay My Children.

Periods of Cenozoic era

The Cenozoic era has 2 periods; Tertiary and Quaternary.

Periods of Mesozoic era

The Mesozoic era has 3 periods; Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous.

Periods of Paleozoic era

The Paleozoic era has 6 periods; Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

Epochs of Cenozoic era

The epochs of the Cenozoic era include the Quaternary and Tertiary periods.

Epochs in Quaternary period

In the Quaternary period within the Cenozoic era, it contains 3 epochs: Holocene and Pleistocene.

Epochs in Tertiary period

In the Tertiary period, within the Cenozoic era, it contains 5 epochs; Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene.