Studied by 13 peopleWhat are extensive properties?
Properties that depend on the amount of matter that is present
What are signs of a chemical reaction?
Change in color, odor, or temperature; or production of light, precipitate, or gas
What are quantitative observations?
Observations that deal with numbers
What are qualitative observations?
Observations that are descriptive
What is mass?
The amount of matter in an object
Density formula:
Density = mass/volume
What are significant figures?
The valid digits in a measurement
What is Dalton's atomic theory?
Matter is composed of small particles called atoms
An atom cannot be created, destroyed, divided, or changed
Atoms of the same element are identical
Atoms of different elements have different properties
Atoms of different elements combine in whole number ratios to form compounds.
In a chemical change, atoms are rearranged, joined or separated.
Where does the radius of an atom extend to?
The outer edge of the region occupied by electrons
What is Avogadro's number?
6.02 x 10^23
What is the energy of a photon related to?
Its frequency
What shape are s orbitals?
Spherical
What shape are p orbitals?
Dumbbell
What shape are d orbitals?
Clover
What shape are f orbitals?
funky
What is the Aufbau principle?
Electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
What are elements with atomic numbers from 58 - 71 called?
Lanthanides
What are the properties of alkaline metals?
Soft, shiny, good conductors, low melting points.
What group are the alkali metals?
Group 1
What are the properties of alkaline earth metals?
Harder, denser, stronger than alkali metals, higher melting points, not as reactive.
What group are alkali earth metals?
Group 2
What are the properties of halogens?
Very reactive, form compounds with most elements
What group are the halogens in?
Group 17
What are the properties of noble gases?
Odorless, colorless, low reactivity
What group are the noble gases?
Group 18
What is electronegativity?
The ability of an atom to attract electrons
What is ionization energy?
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom
What is electron configuration?
The arrangement of electrons in an atom
What is electron affinity?
The energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom
What are the rules of significant figures?
All nonzero numbers are significant
All zeros that are in between nonzero numbers are significant
All zeroes after a nonzero number are significant as long as there is a decimal point
All zeros before a nonzero number are not significant
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
What is radioactive decay?
The process of unstable atoms changing into smaller more stable atoms
What are alpha particles?
2 protons and 2 neutrons; a Helium nucleus
What are beta particles?
Electrons
What are positrons?
Positively charged electrons
What are gamma rays?
Electromagnetic radiation; high energy, no mass, no charge
What is nuclear fission?
The splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments
What is nuclear fusion?
The process of combining lightweight nuclei to make heavier nuclei
What are wavelengths?
The distance between crests of waves
What is frequency?
The number of waves that pass a given point per second
What is the equation for the speed of light?
c = λνc = wavelength x frequency
Who is John Dalton?
Father of atomic theory
Who is J.J. Thomson?
He discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube
What is the plum pudding model?
It states that atoms are a ball of positive charge, with negative electrons embedded in it
Who is Robert Millikan?
Calculated the charge of electrons
Who is Ernest Rutherford?
Discovered the nucleus through the gold foil experiment
What is Rutherford's atomic model?
Concluded that atoms are mostly negative space with a positive nucleus and negative electrons surrounding it
Who is James Chadwick?
Discovered the neutron
Who is Niels Bohr?
Created the planetary model of the atom
What are orbitals?
Energy levels where electrons are found
What is the sequence of electron configuration?
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p
What are the properties of metals?
Luster, malleability, ductility, high conductivity, high melting points
What are the properties of nonmetals?
Dull, brittle, low conductors, low melting points
Parts of quantum numbers:
Principal Quantum Number, angular momentum, magnetic, magnetic spin
How is angular momentum written?
Written as 'l'; between 0 - 3
s = 0
p = 1
d = 2
f = 3
How is the principal quantum number symbolized?
Written as 'n'; 'n' = the energy level
What is the magnetic?
Written as '-l, 0, l'
How is the magnetic spin written?
+1/2 for up, -1/2 for down
What is the octet rule?
Atoms gain, lose or share electrons to have a full valence shell
What is the trend for ionization energy?
Increases up and to the right
What is bond length?
The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
What does the chemical formula for an ionic compound show?
The ratio of all the ions present
What is the trend for atomic radius.
It decreases across a period and increases down a group.
What is an empirical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution in which water is the solvent
What is a single replacement reaction?
A chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound
What are the requirements for a single replacement reaction?
The compound must be aqueous, and the cation of the element must be higher on the activity series than the cation of the compound
What is a double replacement reaction?
A chemical change involving an exchange of positive ions between two aqueous ionic compounds
What are the requirements for a double replacement reaction?
Both reactants must be aqueous, and one product must be a solid
What is a decomposition reaction?
A reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances
What is a combustion reaction?
A reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen and releases energy
What is a combination/synthesis reaction?
A reaction in which two or more substances form a single new substance
What is an activity series?
A list of elements organized according to the ease with which the elements undergo certain chemical reactions
What kind of bonds to molecular substances have?
Polar covalent bonds
When is a line spectrum produced?
When an electron moves to a lower energy level
What are dipole-dipole forces?
Attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules
What are London dispersion forces?
The temporary attraction between electrons of atoms caused by dipoles
What are the properties of molecular compounds?
Lower melting points and no conductivity
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
High melting points and high conductivity
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
What is the periodic law?
The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
What is a row on the periodic table called?
Period
What is a column on the periodic table called?
Group
What do alkali metals occur as in nature?
Compounds
What is the central atom in a Lewis Dot Structure?
The least electro negative atom
What is the VESPR theory?
The electron geometry of a molecule is determined by the number of groups of electrons around the central atom
What is the electron sea model?
The model of metallic bonding where electrons float free in a sea of electrons around metal atoms.
What are the steps to convert percent compositions into empirical formulas?
Multiply the percentages (as a decimal) by the weight of one of their respective atoms, then divide each number by the smallest product
What is a net ionic equation?
An equation that shows only those particles involved in the reaction, and that is balanced for both mass and charge
What is ionic character?
The difference in electronegativity
What is a London force?
An induced dipole-dipole attraction
What is Hund's rule?
Electrons will fill an unoccupied orbital before they pair up
What is a pure substance?
A substance in which there is only one type of element or compound
What is a mixture?
A substance in which there are multiple types of elements and/or compounds
What is a homogeneous mixture?
A mixture where the substances are evenly blended together
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture that is not blended evenly
What is the law of conservation of mass?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
What is lattice energy?
The energy required to separate 1 mole of the ions in an ionic compound
What is the electron sea model?
The model of metallic bonding where electrons float free in a sea of electrons around metal atoms.
What is an electron group?
Bonded or lone pairs of electrons in the central atom
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