ANATOMY Test 1

Tissue

* alike in structure
* common function

what are the different types of tissue

1. connective tissue
2. muscle tissue
3. epithelial tissue
4. nervous tissue

Connective tissue

connects things together

muscle tissue

movement

epithelial tissue

protects (ex. skin)

nervous tissue

controls (brain, nerves)

what are the types of epithelial tissue

1. covering/lining epithelium


1. covers body surfaces and internal body
2. allows the body to interact with the internal and external environment
2. granular epithelium


1. formation of glands

functions of epithelial tissue

1. protect
2. absorb
3. secrete


1. sensory reception

Structure - apical surface

* free surface unprotected to the external environment or cavity of origin
* microvilli → sensory reception
* cilia → helps with movement

structure - basal surface

anchored surface

Basal Lamina

* basement membrane
* sticky sheet
* joins epithelial tissue and connective tissue
* connective tissue offers support b/c anchoring is stable
* can act as a filter (abosrb, secrete)

what are the three layers of epithelial tissue `

1. simple - single layer

   • substances pass through

   • lining of apical surface and basal

   • absorb and secrete

   • thin

2. Pseudostratified

   • each cell has contact with basement membrane

   • one layer

   • nuclei in each cell is squeezed

   • middle ground

   • protect but important that substance pass through

     • usually respiratory system

3. Stratified

   • multiple layers

   • not all cells are in contact with the basement membrane

   • protects (difficult for things to penetrate)

What are the three type of cell shape in epithelial tissue

1. squamous - flat

2. Cuboidal - cubed

3. Columnar - skinny and long

Epithelial tissue

• more layers = more protection

• single layer = easier for substances to pass through

• cilia - helpful in moving substances involved in sensation

What is simple squamous

• very thin layer

• need to be in areas where absorption and secretion is important

  • blood vessels, air sacs in lungs (tiny molecules need to pass through)

Stratified Squamous

• very thick

• protection is needed

  • ex. skin

• more cubes towards the basement membrane

Glandular Epithelium

• glands has more or one cell

  • make or secrete a particular substance (saliva, hormones)

What are the two types of Glandular Epithelium

1. endocrine - secreted into bloodstream

   • not controlled and flows throughout body

2. Exocrine - travels via duct to destination

   • controlled and localized

What does connective tissue do?

supports body structure

What are the 4 types of connective tissue

1. connective proper tissue

2. cartilage

3. bone

4. blood

Mesenchyme

• all come from the same type of blood when developing

  • ORIGINAL CELL type

What are the 5 functions of connective tissue

1. binding and supporting

2. protecting

3. insulating

4. storing reserve fuel

5. transporting substances

Connective tissue structure - reticular fibers

• consists of collagen and glycoproteins

• provide support in blood vessel walls and form networks around cells

Connective tissue structure - Elastic fibers

• stretchable and strong fibers made of proteins and elastin and fibrillin

• found om skin, blood vessels and lung tissue

Connective tissue structure - Collagen fibers

• strong, flexible and bundles of collagen

• most abundant proteins in body

Ground substance fibers

non-living/extracellular matrix

What do fibers do to connective tissue

add integrity to structure

Ground substance

• material between cells and fibers

• fluid

• made up of water and organic molecules

• supports cells and fibers

  • binds together and provide a medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells

connective tissue

living

Connective proper tissue

• binds

• resist tension/mechanical stress

  • ligaments → connects bones together at joint

• fat storage

• provide reservoir for water and salts

• 6 TYPES - different types have diff. functions

where can connective proper tissue

• adipose (fat)

• Under (supporting) epithelia

• Ligaments (connect bones)

Connective tissue - Cartilage

• resist compression (high level of H2O in matrix (ground substances)

  • found in joint

• cushion and supports body structure to avoid bones rubbing together

What are the three types of cartilage

1. Hyaline - within joint

2. Elastic - ears, nose

3. Fibrocartilage - tough and not common, more mobility

Connective tissue - bone

• very hard

• resist compression and tension

• support of body structure

What are the two types of bones

1. compact

2. spongy

• collagen fibers and calcium give bones its strength

Muscle

• cells packed tightly together

• increased blood supply

• responsible for majority of body movements

Connective tissue - blood

• fluid tissue

• carries O2 and CO2, nutrients, waste and other substance

• transport

What are the three types of muscle

1. cardiac muscle cell

2. skeletal muscle cell - voluntary muscle movement

3. smooth muscle cell - organs and blood vessels/involuntary

Nervous Tissue

• bring and receive info

What are the main components of nervous system

brain, spinal cord and nerves

What are the two types of nervous tissue

1. neurons - electrical signal

2. supporting cells - no electrical signal

Bones

• they are organs

• made up of more than one tissue

What are the functions of bone

• dynamic structure ]

• marrow - within bones

1. Support

2. protect

3. anchorage - solid anchor for other structure

4. mineral/growth factor storage - calcium

5. blood cell formation- marrow

6. triglyceride (fat) storage - adipose tissue - marrow

7. Hormone production - lets nervous system know whats going on in the bones

Bone classification

1. location

2. shape

Bone classification - location

• axial

  • main axis which body moves

• Appendicular

  • appendages - limbs

Bone classification - shape

• long

• short

• flat

• sesamoid

• irregular

Compact vs spongy bone

compact

• strong outer layer

• smooth and solid

Spongy

• strips of bone that creates honeycomb shape

• internal layer

• contains marrow - can store more due to shape

Structure of long bone

• diaphysis

  • thick compact bone wall

  • spongy bone and medullary cavity - marrow stored

• epiphysis

  • thinner compact bone outside covering

  • ton of spongy bone

• Hyaline cartilage

  • shock absorbent

• Metaphysis - growth in bone

• Epiphyseal line - compact bone

Wider ends, narrow middle

Red Marrow

• blood production

• RBC

• in trabecular cavities of long and flat bone

• trabecular cavity - spongy bone and medullary cavity

Yellow marrow

• fat storage

• can turn back into red marrow in adults with severe anemia, low RBC and O2 w/anemia

Newborn Marrow

• medullary cavities and spongy bone full of red marrow and gets replaced with yellow marrow overtime

Cartilage in Skeleton

1. Hyaline

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage

What is the purpose of cartilage in the skeleton

Resilient: resist compression

• resilient b/c has lots of water

• absorb compression

What is Hyaline cartilage

• Provides support with flexibility and resilience

• MOST abundant skeletal cartilage

• Locations:

  • articular - joints

  • respiratory

  • costal (ribs)

what is costal

rib

what type of cartilage can be found in the nose?

hyaline and elastic

What is elastic cartilage

• more elastic fibers compared to hyaline

• better able to stand up to repeated bending

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

• external ear

• epiglottis → bend and rise to prevent food from entering the lungs

What is fibrocartilage

• has great strength (very strong and made up of thick collagen fibers)

• located where there is a lot of pressure and stretching

where can fibrocartilage be found

• menisci of knee

• intervertebral discs (allow for flexibility)

Cartilage in the growing skeleton

• cartilage makes up the majority of the fetal skeleton

• has lots of elastic and water (resilient)

• ideal for fast growth → can turn into bones after growth

  • no nerves or blood vessels

what is avascular and importance

• no blood or nerves

• brings in nutrients such as O2 from nearby vessels

What is ossification

cartilage to bone (usually takes around 8 weeks in fetus)

are break and fracture the same thing?

yes

What is a non displaced done

ends of bones retain NORMAL position

what is a displaced bone

OUT of alignment

What is complete break

bone is broken through

what is an incomplete break

bone broken only part way through

what can an incomplete break also be known as?

harline fracture

what is a closed (simple) fracture

bone DOESN’T penetrate the skin

what is an open (compound) fracture

bone DOES penetrate the skin

What is a comminuted fracture and where does it take place

• in humerus

• splintered/crushed or broken into pieces

• bone fragments are present at site of fracture

What is a greenstick fracture and where does it take place

• in ulna

• partial fracture - bends and snaps

• occurs ONLY in children

• bones are fully ossified

What is a impacted fracture and where does it occur

• in humerus

• one end of the bone is forcefully driven into other end of bone

  • “Jamming motion”

What is a pott fracture and where does it occur?

• in the ankle

• one of the malleoli (bump on ankle)

What is a colles fracture and where does it occur

• wrist bones

• distal end of radius

Fracture repair - closed (external) reduction

• physically manually coaxes bones back into position

• lots of force and painful

Fracture repair - open (internal) reduction

• bone ends are secured surgically with pins and wires

Fracture healing repairing steps

1. hematoma forms

   • bunch of blood rushes to the area

2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

   • fibrocartilage is present

   • replace blood with fibrocartilaginous

3. Bony callus forms

   • fibrocartilage gets replaced with bone

4. Bone remodelling occurs

   • want bone to be smooth

   • specialized cell eat up extra stuffy and gt shape we want

When does fracture healing occur

immediately after

How long does a fracture take to heal

• couple of months

How fast do reductions of bones usually happen

usually within a couple of hours

• needs to happen ASAP

Osteomalacia

• soft and weak dones

• due to POOR mineralization

  • usually vitamin D or calcium def.

Rickets

• disease in children

• dangerous to children due to their bones growing rapidly

• epiphyseal plate cannot calcify so long bones become enlarged

• cannot support weight

• bending under the pressure

Osteoporosis

• bone resorption (breakdown of bone) happens more than deposition (laying down new bone)

• common in older adults

  • decreased sex hormone (ex. estrogen)

Osteoporosis treatment

• Ca2+

• Vit. D

• hormone replacement therapy

Osteoporosis prevention

• adequate nutrition, load bearing exercise

• promote bone deposition throughout lifespan

what does the axial system protect?

Brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs

Bone benefits do the bones of the skull

• framework of face

• contain cavities for special sense organs (taste, smell, sight)

• provide OPENINGS for air and food passage

• secure teeth

What are the cranium bones and how many do we have?

• frontal (1)

• Occipital (1)

• Sphenoid (1)

• Parietal (2)

• Temporal (2)

What are the facial bones and how many do we have of each

• mandible (1)

• Vomer (1)

• Maxilla (2)

• Zygomatic (2)

• Nasal (2)

How is the vertebral column divided

• Cervical (7)

• Thoracic (12)

• Lumbar (5)

• Sacral (5)

• Coccygeal (4)

What bones in the vertebral column are fused

• sacral

• coccygeal

Intervertebral disc

• starts at C2

• cartilage and gelatinous interior

  • helps with support of weight and movement

• fibrocartilage rings surround annulus fibrosus

• distribute weight evenly across the intervertebral disc

Atlas - C1

• connects to skull

• no vertebral body or spinous process

Axis (C2)

• Dens - allows C1 to rotate around C2 (atlantoaxial joint)

• Transverse ligament holds atlas in place and allows rotation movement

C7

• inferior of cervical vertebrae

• spinous process is not bifid

• DOES have transverse foramina

How many ribs do we have in total

12

How many of true ribs do we have

7

How many false ribs do we have

5