MEDI ANAT exam

Bones of the skull:

Sphenoid bone

Turkish saddle

Greater wing

Lesser wing

Pterygoid plates

Ethmoid bone

Crista galli

Cribriform plate

Sutures

Sagital

Coronal

Lambdoid

Junctions of sutures

Nasion (joins nasal part of the frontal bone and the nasal bone)

Pterion (joins frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones)

Bregma (joins frontal and parietal bones)

Lambda (joins occipital and parietal bones)

Cranial Fossa:

Cranial Foramina and the Cranial Nerves:

Lobes of Brain

Frontal (motor cortex): motor control and language

Parietal (somatosensory cortex): processes sensory information like touch, temp & spacial awareness

Temporal (auditory cortex): auditory processing, memory & language comprehension

Occipital (primary visual cortex): visual processing e.g. recognising objects, faces and colours & processing information related to depth perception and motion

Insular: processing sensory information, regulating emotions & coordinating bodily functions - inside

Limbic: processing emotions, behaviours, motivations & memory

Sulcus and gyrus:

Pre-central & Post-central

Sagittal section of human brain

Coronal cross section

Brain stem:

Cerebral Peduncles

Brain Stem (midbrain, pons medulla oblongata)

Superior and Inferior colliculi

Olive

Pyramids

Arteries of the brain (circle of Willis):

3x Cerebral arteries

3x Cerebellar arteries

3x Communicating arteries

3x Other arteries (basilar, vertebral & ICA)

Ventricles

Lateral (1st and 2nd)

Third Ventricle

Fourth Ventricle

Cerebral Aqueduct

Meninges of brain

Dura, Arachnoid and Pia mater

Dural folds

Falx cerebri

Falx cerebelli

Tentorium cerebelli

Diaphragm sellae (near pituitary gland)

Sinuses of the brain

Superior sagittal

Inferior sagittal Straight sinus

Transverse sinus

Sigmoid sinus

Spinal Cord

Cauda equina

Conus medullaris

Filum terminale

Dentate ligament

Spinal Cord (matter & horns)

Dorsal horn

Lateral horn

Ventral horn

Grey matter

White matter

Spinal cord tracts

Dorsal columns

Corticospinal tract (L&V)

Spinothlamic tract (L&V)

Cranial nerves

Lobes & fissures of cerebellum

Lobes: anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

Fissures: primary & posteriolateral

Cerebellar peduncles

A - Superior

B - Middle

C - Inferior

Sagittal plane

Spinocerebellar pathway

Ipsilateral

Proprioceptive information from the periphery is transmitted to the ipsilateral cerebellum.

The cerebellum integrates this information and determines plans for corrections and fine-tuning.

These efferent cerebellar signals then travel through the superior peduncle and decussate in the midbrain before synapsing in the primary motor cortex.

Limbic System

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

Fornix

Mamillary bodies

Anterior thalamic nuclei

Cingulate Gyrus

Amygdala

Basal Ganglia

Internal and external globus palidus

Caudate & Putamen - Striatum

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra

Thalamus

Direct Pathway

basal nuclei - striatum - globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata that disinhibit the thalamus to increase cortical control of movement

Indirect Pathway

basal nuclei - striatum - globus pallidus external segment and subthalamic nucleus -globus pallidus internal segment/substantia nigra pars compacta that result in inhibition of the thalamus to decrease cortical control of movement