Personality Psychology - Exam 2

Chapters 5,6,7

self

entire system of individuals knowledge, evaluation & regulation of him/herself

Individualism

cultural system that values the needs of the individual self more than those of the group

Collectivism

a cultural system that values the needs of the group more than those of the individual self

self-concept

a person's image of him/herself

4 Main aspects of Self-Concept

material self, social self, spiritual self, true self

material self

the extension of the self into the body, clothes, and possessions

the I & Me (William James)

I: Observing part
Me: the part of the self we see
"The I sees the me"

self-schema

cognitive representation of the self (me)
ex: future doctor, hates broccoli, geek

social self

the part of the self related to group membership

Charles Horton Cooley

used the term "looking-glass self" to explain that we see ourselves as we imagine others see us

James Mark Baldwin

social unit, socius; claimed that all of society is 1 protoplasm

George Herbert Mead

generalized other; the voices in our head that tell us how we are doing & judging our actionms

self-monitoring

the tendency to monitor one's behavior to fit the current situation

spiritual self

a person's moral center

true self

the person you really are

spiritual self includes

personality traits, cognitive abilities, moral beliefs

authenticity

the extent to which a person feels aligned to his or her true self

4 components of authenticity

awareness, unbiased processing, behavior, and authentic relationships

awareness

motives, strengths, weaknesses

unbiased processing

ability to see the good and the bad in the world and make decisions based on this information

behavior

acting in a way that reflects the true self

authentic relationship

a relationship in which someone can be who they really are

imposter phenomenon

the experience of feeling like a phony, a fraud, or a fake
- most likely when shifting social roles

self-esteem

a person's attitude toward him/herself

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

ten item scale; captures six pillars of self-esteem

highest score: 40, lowest 10, midpoint 25

does self esteem cause success?

no

2 outcomes of self esteem research

1. feels good and leads people to take action (baumeister)
2. feeling good is not trivial, low self esteem is a component of depression (orth & robins)

implicit self-esteem

self-esteem you are not necessarily aware of having

explicit self-esteem

self-esteem you are aware of having

Donut personality

high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem

self-enhancement

the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-concept

self-esteem regulation

the actions involved in maintaining high self-esteem

sociometer theory

a theory linking level of self-esteem with level of belongingness

loneliness

the experience of having fewer relationships than are desired

self-evaluation maintenance model

a model that relates task performance, self relevance, and closeness to self-enhancement (tesser)

Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing)

gaining self-esteem from being connected to a high status individual or group

self-compassion

being kind to yourself; treating yourself with the same sense of compassion that you would treat others

3 components of self-compassion

self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness

self-kindness

being kind to yourself

common humanity

the awareness that all humans make mistakes

Mindfulness

being aware of your thoughts and feelings without becoming attached to them

self-efficacy

the belief that one will be effective & successfully work toward goals

Narcissm

personality trait that includes a very positive, grandiose view of self

grandiose narcissism

narcissism including high extraversion and dominance but low neuroticism

more extroverted, socially bold

vulnerable narcissism

narcissism including low extraversion and dominance but high neuroticism

self-regulation

the process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state

possible selves

the selves you imagine you could be, whether ideal or feared

ought selves

the person you think you should be

ideal selves

the person you want to be

self-discrepancy theory

a model linking the distance between the actual self and the ought and ideal selves to emotion

discrepancy

the difference between where you are and where you want to be

self-control

willpower; the ability to control one's own behavior

practicing self control in 1 area improves self control in another area (T/F)

True

ego depletion

The idea that self-control is a limited resource. If you use a lot of it, it can get used up and you'll have less to use in the future

self control has been exhausted

psychodynamic theory

an umbrella term for models that focus on the personality as a complex interplay of conscious and unconscious motives, thoughts, and feelings

Psycho analysis

the study of the dynamics of the mind created by Sigmund Freud

Neo-analytic theorists

the psychodynamic theorists who came after Freud and took his ideas in new and interesting directions

-downplayed role of sex in psychological conflict
- emphasized more on interpersonal relationships

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney

analytical psychology

Jung's psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the collective and personal unconscious

unconscious

the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness

conscious

the part of the mind within our usual awareness

transference

the way the client perceives the therapist

hysteria

a psychological disorder characterized by unexplained physical symptoms such as blindness, fainting, or paralysis

free association

a psychoanalytic technique involving saying whatever comes into your head

topographical model

Freud's model of the mind that highlights the conflict between the pleasure principle and the reality principle

3 main parts of topographical model

conscious, unconscious, preconscious

preconcious mind

the barely conscious part of our minds that keep the unconscious out of conscious awareness

censorship

the process of keeping the unconscious from entering consciousness

pleasure principle

the driving force of the unconscious that wants whatever brings pleasure

reality principle

the goals of the conscious mind, which finds what works in reality

structural model

Sigmund Freud's model of the mind with three parts: the id (or "it"), the ego (or "I"), and the super-ego (or "above I").

Id

the unconscious mind, motivated for pleasure and wish fulfillment
(instincts)

ego

the conscious mind that navigates between the ego and superego (REALITY)

super-ego

the strict and demanding part of the mind (conscious/pain)

- consists of the rules of the culture you were raised in
(morality)

Freudian slip

when what you really think deep down comes out as a slip of the tongue

Libido (Freud)

(psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire

Cathexis

the attachment of libido to thoughts, objects, or parts of the body

Oral stage

the attachment of the libido to the mouth (0-12 mo)

Anal stage

the attachment of the libido to the anus (1-3 yrs)

phallic stage

the attachment of libido to the genitals (4-6 yrs)

the stage with oedipus complex

latent stage

the quieting of the libido from age 6 until puberty

genital stage

when the child begins adult sexual development in puberty (12+ yrs)

oral fixation

when libido is attached to the mouth

anal retentive

pleasure from retaining the bowels

anal expulsive

pleasure from releasing the bowels

oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (phallic stage)

castration anxiety

the male child's fear of being castrated by the father

Electra complex

the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

- Freud disagreed with this

penis envy

the idea that girls desire to have penises

manifest content of dreams

the outward content of a dream

latent content

the unconscious meaning of a dream

wish fulfillment

the unconscious desire to have one's fantasies realized

day residue

experiences from the day incorporated into a dream's manifest content

dream interpretation

a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations

talking cure

Freud's term for the treatment of hysteria by talking in therapy sessions

People high in neuroticism are more likely to have \_________ nightmares

more

defense mechanisms

strategies used to keep unconscious thoughts from the conscious mind

defense mechanisms were coined by

anna freud

8 defense mechanisms

denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation

Denial

not acknowledging unconscious content

reaction formation

disguising unconscious content by turning it into its opposite