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self
entire system of individuals knowledge, evaluation & regulation of him/herself
Individualism
cultural system that values the needs of the individual self more than those of the group
Collectivism
a cultural system that values the needs of the group more than those of the individual self
self-concept
a person's image of him/herself
4 Main aspects of Self-Concept
material self, social self, spiritual self, true self
material self
the extension of the self into the body, clothes, and possessions
the I & Me (William James)
I: Observing part Me: the part of the self we see "The I sees the me"
self-schema
cognitive representation of the self (me) ex: future doctor, hates broccoli, geek
social self
the part of the self related to group membership
Charles Horton Cooley
used the term "looking-glass self" to explain that we see ourselves as we imagine others see us
James Mark Baldwin
social unit, socius; claimed that all of society is 1 protoplasm
George Herbert Mead
generalized other; the voices in our head that tell us how we are doing & judging our actionms
self-monitoring
the tendency to monitor one's behavior to fit the current situation
spiritual self
a person's moral center
true self
the person you really are
spiritual self includes
personality traits, cognitive abilities, moral beliefs
authenticity
the extent to which a person feels aligned to his or her true self
4 components of authenticity
awareness, unbiased processing, behavior, and authentic relationships
awareness
motives, strengths, weaknesses
unbiased processing
ability to see the good and the bad in the world and make decisions based on this information
behavior
acting in a way that reflects the true self
authentic relationship
a relationship in which someone can be who they really are
imposter phenomenon
the experience of feeling like a phony, a fraud, or a fake
most likely when shifting social roles
self-esteem
a person's attitude toward him/herself
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
ten item scale; captures six pillars of self-esteem
highest score: 40, lowest 10, midpoint 25
does self esteem cause success?
no
2 outcomes of self esteem research
feels good and leads people to take action (baumeister)
feeling good is not trivial, low self esteem is a component of depression (orth & robins)
implicit self-esteem
self-esteem you are not necessarily aware of having
explicit self-esteem
self-esteem you are aware of having
Donut personality
high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem
self-enhancement
the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-concept
self-esteem regulation
the actions involved in maintaining high self-esteem
sociometer theory
a theory linking level of self-esteem with level of belongingness
loneliness
the experience of having fewer relationships than are desired
self-evaluation maintenance model
a model that relates task performance, self relevance, and closeness to self-enhancement (tesser)
Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing)
gaining self-esteem from being connected to a high status individual or group
self-compassion
being kind to yourself; treating yourself with the same sense of compassion that you would treat others
3 components of self-compassion
self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness
self-kindness
being kind to yourself
common humanity
the awareness that all humans make mistakes
Mindfulness
being aware of your thoughts and feelings without becoming attached to them
self-efficacy
the belief that one will be effective & successfully work toward goals
Narcissm
personality trait that includes a very positive, grandiose view of self
grandiose narcissism
narcissism including high extraversion and dominance but low neuroticism
more extroverted, socially bold
vulnerable narcissism
narcissism including low extraversion and dominance but high neuroticism
self-regulation
the process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state
possible selves
the selves you imagine you could be, whether ideal or feared
ought selves
the person you think you should be
ideal selves
the person you want to be
self-discrepancy theory
a model linking the distance between the actual self and the ought and ideal selves to emotion
discrepancy
the difference between where you are and where you want to be
self-control
willpower; the ability to control one's own behavior
practicing self control in 1 area improves self control in another area (T/F)
True
ego depletion
The idea that self-control is a limited resource. If you use a lot of it, it can get used up and you'll have less to use in the future
self control has been exhausted
psychodynamic theory
an umbrella term for models that focus on the personality as a complex interplay of conscious and unconscious motives, thoughts, and feelings
Psycho analysis
the study of the dynamics of the mind created by Sigmund Freud
Neo-analytic theorists
the psychodynamic theorists who came after Freud and took his ideas in new and interesting directions
-downplayed role of sex in psychological conflict
emphasized more on interpersonal relationships
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney
analytical psychology
Jung's psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the collective and personal unconscious
unconscious
the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness
conscious
the part of the mind within our usual awareness
transference
the way the client perceives the therapist
hysteria
a psychological disorder characterized by unexplained physical symptoms such as blindness, fainting, or paralysis
free association
a psychoanalytic technique involving saying whatever comes into your head
topographical model
Freud's model of the mind that highlights the conflict between the pleasure principle and the reality principle
3 main parts of topographical model
conscious, unconscious, preconscious
preconcious mind
the barely conscious part of our minds that keep the unconscious out of conscious awareness
censorship
the process of keeping the unconscious from entering consciousness
pleasure principle
the driving force of the unconscious that wants whatever brings pleasure
reality principle
the goals of the conscious mind, which finds what works in reality
structural model
Sigmund Freud's model of the mind with three parts: the id (or "it"), the ego (or "I"), and the super-ego (or "above I").
Id
the unconscious mind, motivated for pleasure and wish fulfillment (instincts)
ego
the conscious mind that navigates between the ego and superego (REALITY)
super-ego
the strict and demanding part of the mind (conscious/pain)
consists of the rules of the culture you were raised in (morality)
Freudian slip
when what you really think deep down comes out as a slip of the tongue
Libido (Freud)
(psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire
Cathexis
the attachment of libido to thoughts, objects, or parts of the body
Oral stage
the attachment of the libido to the mouth (0-12 mo)
Anal stage
the attachment of the libido to the anus (1-3 yrs)
phallic stage
the attachment of libido to the genitals (4-6 yrs)
the stage with oedipus complex
latent stage
the quieting of the libido from age 6 until puberty
genital stage
when the child begins adult sexual development in puberty (12+ yrs)
oral fixation
when libido is attached to the mouth
anal retentive
pleasure from retaining the bowels
anal expulsive
pleasure from releasing the bowels
oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (phallic stage)
castration anxiety
the male child's fear of being castrated by the father
Electra complex
the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love
Freud disagreed with this
penis envy
the idea that girls desire to have penises
manifest content of dreams
the outward content of a dream
latent content
the unconscious meaning of a dream
wish fulfillment
the unconscious desire to have one's fantasies realized
day residue
experiences from the day incorporated into a dream's manifest content
dream interpretation
a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations
talking cure
Freud's term for the treatment of hysteria by talking in therapy sessions
People high in neuroticism are more likely to have _________ nightmares
more
defense mechanisms
strategies used to keep unconscious thoughts from the conscious mind
defense mechanisms were coined by
anna freud
8 defense mechanisms
denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation
Denial
not acknowledging unconscious content
reaction formation
disguising unconscious content by turning it into its opposite
Note
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