CHAPTER 2: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (BOOK 6TH EDITION)

Cognitive neuroscience

• Field of study linking the brain and nervous system to cognitive processing and to behavior.

Brain

• Organ of our bodies that directly control our thoughts, emotions, and motivation.

Localization of functions

• refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific

  skills or behaviors.

Nervous system

• is the basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact

  with the world around us

1. forebrain

2. mid brain

3. hindbrain

• 3 major regions of the brain

forebrain

• in embryo this is refers to the farthest region of the brain

1. Cerebral Cortex

2. Basal Ganglia

3. Limbic System

4. Thalamus

5. Hypothalamus

• The forebrain composes of what part of the brain?

Pituitary Gland

• (master gland

  of the endocrine

  system)

Amygdala

(influences anger and aggression)

Corpus Callosum

• (relays information

  between the two

  cerebral hemispheres)

Cerebral Cortex

• (controls thinking and sensing

  functions, voluntary movement)

Septum

(influences

anger

and fear)

Hippocampus

(influences learning

and memory)

Thalamus (sensory information)

(relays sensory information

to cerebral cortex)

Hypothalamus

(regulates temperature,

eating, sleeping, and

endocrine system)

Midbrain (SA)

• (reticular activating system: RAS carries messages about sleep and arousal)

• region of the brain

Pons (cerebellum to cerebral cortex)

(relays information between cerebral cortex and cerebellum)

Cerebellum

• (coordinates fine muscle

  movement, balance)

Medulla Oblongata

• (regulates heartbeat, breathing) (blood and heart related)

Spinal Cord

• (relays nerve impulses between

  brain and body, controls

  simple reflexes)

Basal Ganglia

• Part of the forebrain

• This are collection of neurons for motor function.

1. Parkinson’s disease

2. Huntington’s disease

• what are the deficit or disease when there is a damage to basal ganglia?

1. Emotion

2. Motivation

3. Memory and Learning

• What is limbic system for?

Instincts

• Fish and reptiles have undeveloped limbic system so they depend solely on their?

Suppress Instinctive responses

• Our limbic system allows us to ___ ____ ____ (e.g., the impulse to strike someone who accidentally causes us pain)

1. Septum (emotion → anger & fear)

2. Amygdala (emotion → anger and aggression)

3. Hippocampus (motivation, learning, memory)

• Limbic system composes of 3 central interconnected cerebral structures.

Amygdala

• Stimulation to this can cause fear

• Causes: palpitations, fearful hallucinations, or frightening flashbacks in memory.

emotional stimuli

• amygdala also has an enhancing effect for the perception of ___ ____

Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Deficit in amygdala results in what disorder?

1. Cannot recognize face and its emotions

2. Difficulty evaluating people’s trustworthiness

• What are the diagnosis for ASD or Autism?

Anterograde Amnesia

• what amnesia can if hippocampus is removed?

Korsakoff Syndrome

• disease as known as loss of memory function

• Related to hippocampus

1. Apathy

2. Paralysis of the muscle of the eye

3. Tremor

• what are the diagnosis for Korsakoff syndrome?

1. Deterioration of Hippocampus

2. Lack of Vitamin B1 or Thiamine

3. Excessive Alcohol use

• What are the causes why there is a Korsakoff syndrome?

1. Declarative Memory (yes)

2. Procedural Memory (not)

• If you have damage in your Hippocampus what memory is primarily affected? and what is not

Thalamus

• center of the brain about eye level

• relay station for the sensory

Nuclei

• as we know thalamus is the relay station for the sensory information by it, it is divided into a number of ___ for that for each senses to received an information.

1. Waking

2. Sleeping

• What are the other functions of thalamus where it controls by thalamus? (WS)

1. Disruption of waking and sleeping

2. Pain

3. Tremor

4. Amnesia

5. Impairment of language

• What are the result when damaged to Thalamus?

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

• Part of the midbrain that is for sleep and arousal

Schizophrenia

• Abnormal changes to thalamus can result to?

Hypothalamus

regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating.

1. Regulating emotions

2. Reaction to stress

• Hypothalamus is also interacting with limbic system, what hypothalamus can contribute?

Thalamus

• Ang tala dugay ni sleep og ni wake

Narcolepsy

• Hypothalamus is also for sleep; what disorder is related to hypothalamus damage?

A person often sleep at unpredictable times

• Define what is narcolepsy

Growth Hormone Oxytocin (Bonding process and Sexual Arousal)

• Since the hypothalamus is for hormones what hormones is likely to regulate by hypothalamus?

Midbrain

• Helps to control eye movement and coordination

Control for visual and auditory information

• for nonmammals the Midbrain for them is primarily for?

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

• This is a network of neurons that is for regulation of consciousness (such as sleep, wakefulness, arousal, attention)

Cerebral Cortex

• Involved in receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, other cognitive processing, and planning and sending motor information

• Can easily remember it is the “Process Entirely”

Basal Ganglia

• Crucial to the function of the motor system

Ganglia

• Collection of neural fibers

Limbic System

Involved in learning, emotions, and motivation

Cerebellum (balance and equilibrium)

to the primary motor cortex, permitting us to sense physical balance and equilibrium

Hypothalamus

Controls the endocrine system; controls the

autonomic nervous system, such as internal

temperature regulation, appetite and thirst

regulation, and other key functions

Superior Colliculi

Involved in vision (especially visual reflexes) → part of midbrain

Inferior colliculi

Involved in hearing → part of midbrain

Cerebellum

Essential to balance, coordination, and

muscle tone

Pons

Involved in consciousness (sleep and

arousal); bridges neural transmissions from

one part of the brain to another; involved

with facial nerves

Medulla oblongata

• Serves as juncture at which nerves cross

  from one side of the body to opposite side

  of the brain; involved in cardiorespiratory

  function, digestion, and swallowing

1. Thalamus (wake & sleep & consciousness)

2. Hypothalamus (regulating sleep)

3. RAS (sleep & arousal & consciousness)

• What are the three parts that is important for Sleeping?

Brain Stem

• connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.

1. Thalamus (part of forebrain)

2. Mid brain

3. Hind brain

• What are the part of the brain stem?

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

• The region in the brain stem that is essential for certain kinds of adaptive behavior.

• Injections of small amounts of excitatory amino acids or, alternatively, electrical stimulation of this area results in any of several responses: an aggressive, confrontational response; avoidance or flight response; heightened defensive reactivity; or reduced reactivity as is experienced after a defeat, when one feels hopeless

Medulla Oblongata

The place at which nerves from the right side of the body cross over to the left side of the brain and nerves from the left side of the body cross over to the right side of the brain.

Pons

• serves as a kind of relay station because it contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another. I

• ts name derives from the Latin for “bridge,” as it serves a bridging function.

Cerebellum

controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone, as well as some aspects of memory involving procedure-related movements

Cerebral Cortex

• Plays an extremely important role in human cognition.

• It forms a 1- to 3-millimeter layer that wraps the surface of the brain somewhat like the bark of a tree wraps around the trunk.

1. Sulci

2. Fissure

3. Gyrus

Cerebral cortex comprise of:

1. Small Groove

2. Large Groove

3. Bulges

80%

• how many percent the cortex comprises the human brain?

Corpus Callosum

is a dense aggregate of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Cerebral Hemisphere

• what do you call the left and right hemisphere?

Aphasia

• Loss of speech (sPeeCh)

Marc Dax

• Who is the doctor treated 40 patients suffering from aphasia? and found out the damage are on left hemisphere?

Brocas Area (Paul Broca)

• Cerebral left hemisphere that contribute to speech → part of the brain and area.

Wernicke’s Area

• Part of the brain that is for language comprehension (WLW)

Karl Spencer Lashley

described as the father of neuropsychology, started studying localization in 1915. He found that implantations of crudely built electrodes in apparently identical locations in the brain yielded different results.

1. Gray matter (surface)

2. White matter (interior)

• surface of the cerebral cortex

• interior of the cerebral cortex

Nostril goes to the right nostril and process by the right brain (Ipsilateral idea)

• As we know our body’s nerve is composed of contralateral ideas, like for the left eye process by the right brain, but what part of the brain that process Ipsilateral?

Roger Sperry

• who did discover and won a Nobel Prize for discovering that Cerebral Hemispheres left & right have both different and separate abilities?

Donal Hebb

• He was known for the cell assemblies; that neural structure coordinate when there is a frequent stimulation.

Karl Spencer Lashley

• he was known for saying the brain is Active.

Jerry Fodor

• he said mind has distinct modules → The modularity of mind (TMOM)

Franz Joseph Gall

• He said the pattern of bumps and swells on the skulls determined the cognitive abilities.

Epilepsy

• When you severe the corpus callosum what it can prevent?

Split Brain Patients

• what do you call those patients who severed their corpus callosum?

right hemisphere retains phonetic and semantic abilities but they lack syntactic competence

In people who lack left-hemisphere processing, language development in the right hemisphere retains ____ and _____ abilities, but it is deficient in ______ ______ (Gazzaniga & Hutsler, 1999).

Movement

• Despite of language what is the other important things that the left hemisphere is important to?

Apraxia (disorder of skilled movements)

• what is the disorder that is related to left hemisphere?

1. Difficulty following conversation and stories

2. Difficulty making inferences

3. Difficulty understanding metaphorical humorous speech.

• What are the 3 deficits if have a damage in right hemisphere?

1. Language

2. Movement

3. Examination of past experiences to find patterns

• What are the abilities of the Left Hemisphere?

1. Spatial Visualization

2. Spatial Orientation

3. Semantic Knowledge

4. Practical Language

5. Self Recognition

• What are the abilities of Right Hemisphere?

Left hemisphere

• What hemisphere controls the verbal processes of the visual information?

Right Hemisphere

• What hemisphere controls the spatial processes of the visual information?

Gazzaniga

• Who state the believe that brain is not independent function but a complementary function from each other.

• Found out that that before the split brain surgery is that patient can draw 3D cube and after the split brain surgery they can only draw a Reasonable cube from the “left hand”.

Right Hemisphere → outside the Conscious Awareness

→ Left hemisphere

• This hemisphere organize in independent units that work in parallel; operates independently of others.

• These operation are often outside the ____ ____

• ______ this hemisphere try to assign that interpretations to this operation.

1. Right process → Holistically

2. Left process → Analytically

• The right and left hemisphere distinction to process

Frontal Lobe

is associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving,

planning, and judgment.

Speech

• Frontal lobe is critical for producing?