Informatics Exam 3

What method does qualitative research use?

inductive

What is transferability?

the extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings

What is generalizability?

the degree to which a measurement or result of an experiment applies to other tests, situations, or people

Is qualitative research transferable or generalizable?

generalizable

What is phenomenology?

focus on lived experiences

What is grounded theory?

discover social processes

What is ethnography?

study of cultures

What is a historical qualitative study?

examine past events

What is a case study?

investigate individuals or groups

What is data saturation?

Sampling to the point at which redundancy of information is achieved

What are self-reports?

unstructured interviews, guided by participants' answers

What are focus groups?

group discussions guided by a moderator

What is coding analysis?

labeling and organizing data

What is open coding analysis?

grouping data into categories

What is axial coding?

compare the categories and labels of qualitative data, defining and exploring relationships between them

What is mixed methods research?

combines qualitative and quantitative methods

What is different between qualitative research and mixed methods?

mixed methods research allows for a more comprehensive understanding

What is autonomy?

right to self-determination

What is beneficence?

to do good

What is nonmaleficence?

do no harm

What is veracity?

telling the truth

What is justice?

being fair

What is fidelity?

agreement to keep promises

Where does the responsibility of ethical practice always lie?

with the practicioner

Where does the role for ethics always lie?

with the researcher

Are research relationships therapeutic relationships?

No

What was the first ethical guideline developed?

the Nuremberg Code

What is the Nuremberg Code?

aimed to protect human subjects from enduring the kind of cruelty and exploitation that was endured at the Nazi concentration camps

What rules did the Nuremberg Code bring about?

voluntary consent is essential, results must be of the greater good

Who authored the Declaration of Helsinki?

World Medical Association

What rules did the Declaration of Helsini bring about?

It is the duty of the physician to promote and safeguard the health of the people

Who writes the code of ethics for nursing?

American Nurses Association

What is the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements?

statement that covers ethical practice of nursing professionals

Who developed The Belmont Report?

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

What is The Belmont Report?

ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research

What did the Belmont Report provide?

foundation for ethical regulations related to Human Participant Research

What is the risk/benefit assessment?

strategy used to make sure BENEFICENCE is met

What do researchers need to do in a risk/benefit assessment?

evaluate potential risks with potential costs, benefits should outweigh risks

What are potential benefits of a study?

reassurance, increased knowledge, escape from normal routine

What are potential risks of a study?

physical harm, emotional distress, social risks

What is informed consent?

strategy used to promote RESPECT and HUMAN DIGNITY

What does the process of informed consent allow the patient to do?

receive adequate information, ask questions, power of free choice

What are the three approaches to informed consent?

written consent, implied consent, process consent

What is anonymity?

no one, not even the researcher, knows the identity of the subjects

What is confidentiality?

All information regarding a patient's condition is confidential and will not be shared

What is a Certificate of Confidentiality?

a certificate obtained to prevent forced disclosure of confidential information to authorities

What is debriefing?

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

What is a referral?

formal request for a special service by another care provider

What is an external review?

review conducted by a human subjects committee affiliated with the institution where research is being conducted

What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

What are responsibilities of the IRB?

review of proposed research, oversee adherence, ensure proper training

What three ethical principles does the Belmont Report protect?

beneficence, respect for human dignity, justice

What is the focus of beneficence?

a duty to minimize harm and maximize benefits

What two rights are included in beneficence?

right to freedom from harm, right to protection from exploitation

What is the focus of respect for human dignity?

participant's right to self-determination and the right to full disclosure

What two rights are included for human dignity?

right to self-determination, right to full disclosure

What is the focus of Justice?

participants have the right to fair treatment and to privacy

What two rights are included for justice?

right to fair treatment, right to privacy

What is a vulnerable group?

a group which may be incapable of giving fully informed consent or may be at high risk for unintended side effects

What are examples of vulnerable groups?

children, mentally or emotionally disabled, institutionalized, pregnant women

What is critical appraisal?

judging the quality and relevance of research for use in clinical practice

What is the purpose of critical appraisal?

identifying the best available evidence to integrate with clinical experience and patient values

Why is critical appraisal important in nursing?

competency of consumers, tested interventions, deliver safe care

What do early studies often lack?

comprehensive data

What are quality indicators?

duration of study, sample size, control for confounders

What is the CRAAP test?

quick check for credibility

What is the CRAAP acronym?

currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose

What does quantitative research focus on?

validity and reliability

What does qualitative research focus on?

rigor and trustworthiness

What is synthesizing evidence?

bringing different studies together

What can replicating studies help with?

boosts confidence in findings

What methods can help capture phenomena?

self reports, observation, biomarkers

What is construct validity?

measurement method matches concept

What is content validity?

test represents all aspects of concept

What is face validity?

test content seems suitable for aims

What is criterion validity?

results accurately measure outcome