basic rules for the english grammar test and exam grammar section

subject

who or what the sentence is about

verb

action or state of being in a sentence (be verbs)

DO (direct object)

comes after an action verb and answers who or what the sentence is about

DO (direct object) example

bob kicked the ball. ball is the subject because it is directly stated.

IO (indirect object)

comes after an action verb and answers to/for who/what.

IO example

bob kicked lulu the ball. lulu isn’t directly states but the direct object (the ball) is for lulu (the indirect object)

PN (predicate nominative)

comes after a linking verb (be verbs). it renames the subject.

PN (predicate nominative) example

bob is a soccer player. player renames the subject which is bob.

PA (predicate adjective)

comes after a linking verb and describes the subject

PA (predicate adjective) example

bob is athletic. athletic is the pa because it comes after the subject, which is bob, and describes it.