Nutrition Final Exam

How does energy change as we get older?

By slowed metabolism and reduced muscle mass.

What are the most important takeaways from the Obesity map?

Mississippi and West Virginia have the highest prevalance of Obesity.

What is the definition of a Complimentary Protein?

Protein-rich foods

What is the definition of a High-quality Protein?

A protein that provides enough of all essential amino acids.

What % of people diagnosed with Osteoporosis are Women?

80%

Which compound(s) in the stomach are responsible for breaking down protein?

Hydrochloric acid

What are the 2 most prominent cations in the body?

Sodium and Potassium

When does peak bone mass occur?

12-30 years

What compounds aid with balancing pH?

Buffers

What are the main components in sports drinks that aid in rehydration?

Fluid, Glucose, Sodium, and other electrolytes.

What is the definition of Hyponatremia?

Abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood.

What is the definition of Hypernatremia?

The concentration of sodium in the blood is too high.

How is lactate produced?

Lactate arises from anaerobic breakdown of glucose.

Which diet is best suited for increasing endurance athletes' performance?

A high carbohydrate diet

What are the components of fitness?

Flexibility, Muscle strength, Muscle endurance, and Cardiorespiratory endurance.

Which vitamin(s) are associated with Collagen production?

Vitamin C

Which mineral plays a role in hemoglobin and myoglobin production?

Iron

Be familiar with the water content of food.

100%: Water, diet soft drinks, seltzer, and plain tea.

95-99%: Sugar-free gelatin dessert, clear broth, chinese cabbage, celery, cucumber, lettuce, summer squash, and black coffee.

90-94%: Sports drinks, grapefruit, fresh strawberries, broccoli, and tomatoes.

80-89%: Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, milk, yogurts, egg white, fruit juices, low-fat cottage cheese, cooked oatmeal, fresh apple, and carrot.

60-79%: Low-calorie mayonnaise, instant pudding, banana, shrimp, lean steak, pork chop, baked potato, and cooked rice.

40-59%: Diet margarine, sausage, chicken, and macaroni and cheese.

20-39%: Bread, cake, cheddar cheese, and bagels.

10-19%: Butter, Margarine, and regular mayonnaise.

5-9%: Peanut butter and popcorn.

1-4%: Ready-to-eat cereals and Pretzels.

0%: Cooking oils, meat fats, shortening, and white sugar.N

Which vitamin is mainly stored in bones and teeth?

Calcium

What do low levels of Folate lead to during pregnancy?

Neural tube defects

Which Vitamin Deficiency is associated with pernicious anemia?

Lack of Vitamin B12

Vitamin C deficiency is associated with what disease?

Scurvy

Which factors affect Vitamin D synthesis?

Advanced age, Air pollution, City living, Clothing, Cloudy skies, Geography, Homebound, Season, Skin pigment, Sunscreen, and Time of day.

Which Vitamin is associated with Night Blindness?

Lack of Vitamin A

Which body part is responsible for the excretion of most water from the body?

The Kidneys

Which vitamin(s) are associated with bone and teeth Mineralization?

Vitamin D, Vitamin K, and Vitamin C.

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

They are absorbed directly into the blood.

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

First into the lymph and then into the blood

What element makes amino acids/protein unique compared to carbs or fat?

Nitrogen

Which eating disorder is associated with Binge eating followed by episodes of purging?

Bulimia Nervosa

What % of anorexia patients exist with the disease for the remainder of their life?

65%

Which eating disorder is associated with weight loss and a irrational fear of weight gain?

Anorexia Nervosa

What is the body composition of males?

42% muscle, 25% organs, 18% fat, and 15% bone.

What is the body composition of females?

36% muscle, 25% organs, 26% fat, and 13% bone.

How is BMI measured?

Kg/m^2 (Underweight < 18.5; Healthy or normal 18.5-24.9; Overweight 25-29.9; Obesity > 30)

How do energy needs change as we age (increase/decrease)?

Energy needs decrease due to slower metabolism and reduced physical activity.

Which factors affect Basal Metabolic Rate.

Body composition, age, sex and genetics.

A method used to measure the heat of combustion of a substance by burning it in a sealed oxygen rich environment and measuring the resulting temperature change of the surrounding water.

Bomb Calorimetry.

Be familiar with ob/ob mice characteristics.

Bb/ob mice are genetically obese due to a mutation in the leptin gene.

What are examples of individuals with Negative nitrogen balance?

An astronaut and a surgery patient.

What are examples of individuals with Positive nitrogen balance?

A growing child, a person building muscles, and pregnant women.

Which food group contributes to the most protein in the Western diet?

Beef and poultry

Which protein are responsible for maintaining pH (acid/base) within the body?

Acidosis and Alkalosis

What are the functions of protein within the body?

Regulation of gene expression, Providing structure and movement, Building enzymes, Building hormones, Building antibiotics, Transporting substances, Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, Help in blood clotting, and providing energy and glucose.

What is the bond between 2 amino acids?

A peptide bond.

What is the main source of energy for our nervous system?

Glucose

What is the effect of increasing your HDL levels?

High levels oppose heart disease and vice versa.

What is the effect of increasing your LDL levels?

High levels trigger inflammation and heart disease.

What is the function of Bile within the body?

It facilitates the digestion of fats.

Define Saturated fatty acids.

A type of fat characterized by having no double bonds between their carbon atoms.

What are the components of a triglyceride?

One glucerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.A

What are the functions of Fat in the body?

Energy fuel, Energy stores, Emergency reserve, Padding, Insulation, Cell membranes, and Raw materials.

What is type 1 Diabetes?

The pancreas fails to produce insulin.

What disease is associated with really low blood glucose levels?

Hypoglycemia

What is the Glycemic Index?

A ranking of foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose relative to a reference dose of glucose.

What is the function of glucagon?

Helps release glucose from storage.

What is Ketosis?

An undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies, such as acetone, in the blood or urine.

What are the benefits of consuming whole grain?

Reduced risk of being overweight and certain chronic diseases.

What are the benefits of consuming fibers?

Reduced risk of heart diseasse and stroke, Reduced risk of diabetes, Reduced risk of colon and rectal cancer, Improve digestive tract health, Promote healthy body weight.

What is the role of the Epiglottis?

Acts as a flap to seal the entrance to the lungs and direct food to the stomach via the esophagus.

What are the functions of carbs?

Provide energy for the brain and bodies various activities.

Define Peristalsis

Wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushed their contents along.

What is the role of the Large Intestine?

Reabsorbs water and minerals. Passes waste and some water to rectum.

What is the definition of lymphocytes and their role?

White blood cells that participate in the immune response and defend against microbes.

What are the roles of the Liver?

Manufactures bile

What are the roles of DNA?

Contains the genes that control the inheritance of the cell's characteristics and its day-to-day wokrings.

What is the definition of probiotics?

A live microorganism that, when administered in adequate amounts, alters the bacterial colonies of the body in ways believed to confer a health benefit of the host.

What is the definition of prebiotics?

A substance that may not be digestible by the host, such as fiber, but that serves as food for probiotic bacteria and thus, promotes their growth.

What is on a Food Label?

Common or usual name; Manufacturer, packer, or distributor name and address; Net contents; Nutrient contents; Nutrient facts; Ingredients; Essential warnings.

Which vitamin is associated with eyesight and red and orange vegetables?

Vitamin A

What is the USDA recommendation for exercise each week?

The USDA's Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans suggest that to maintain good health, adults should engage in at least 2.5 hours of moderate physical activity each week. A brisk walk at a pace of about 100 steps per minute constitutes "moderate" activity. For weight control or additional health benefits, more than the minimum amount of physical activity is required.

Which factors drive food choices?

Taste, Price, Convenience, and other factors such as advertising, avaliability, cost, region of the country, emotional comfort, Habit, preference, genetic inheritance, Positive or negative associations. Values, social norms, beliefs, weight, and Nutrition and health benefits.

What is the definition of Malnutrition?

Deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses of nutrients.

What are the MyPlate portions?

Vegetables and fruit occupy half the plate and the grains portion is slightly larger than the portion of protein foods.

Define RDA.

Nutrient intake goals for individuals. The average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of nearly all healthy people in a particular life stage and gender group.

Ingredients on food labels listed based on...

Descending order of weight

What is the Leading cause of Death in the United States?

Heart disease

What is the definition of Nutrition?

The science of how food nourishes the body.

Be able to identify Nutrition related Diseases.

Heart disease, Diabetes, Some kinds of cancer, Dental disease, and Adult bone loss.

What are the benefits of physical activity?

Reduced risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, certain cancers, hypertension, and other diseases. Increased endurance, strength and flexability, More cheerful outlook and less likelihood of depression. Improved mental functioning, feeling of vigor, feeling or belonging stronger self-image. Reduced body fat and lean tissue. A more youthful appearance, healthy skin, and improved muscle tone. Greater bone density and lessened risk of adult bone loss in later life. Increase independence in the elderly. Sound, beneficial sleep. Faster wound healing. Reduced menstrual symptoms.Improved resistance to infection.

What are the Macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins

How much energy do Carbohydrates yield?

4 kcal/g

How much energy do Fats yield?

9 kcal/g

How much energy do Proteins yield?

4 kcal/g