Bio 181 Unit 3

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

catabolism

break down molecules into smaller components (digestion), exergonic

anabolism

build larger molecules from smaller components (synthesis), endergonic

exergonic

releases energy

endergonic

requires energy

energy

capacity to do work or rearrange matter

potential energy

stored energy (food, chemical bonds, water behind dam)

kinetic energy

energy of motion (running, breaking chemical bonds)

1st law of thermodynamics

(conservation of energy) energy is not created or destroyed, only changed in form

2nd law of thermodynamics

when energy is changed from 1 form to another, energy is lost (heat)

entropy

disorder in the universe

carbohydrates

quick energy source

monosaccharide

single sugar molecule (glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose)

chemical formula for glucose

C6H12O6

isomer

same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms

3 uses of ATP energy

1. synthesize or make proteins and other substances

2. contract muscles

3. pump substances into and out of the cell

enzyme

protein that regulates chemical reactions

active site

area of enzyme that binds to and helps substrates (reactants) interact

cofactor

metal

coenzyme

vitamins

cofactors and coenzymes

substances that help enzymes do their jobs

inhibition

enzyme prevented from doing its job

phosphorylation

process of adding phosphate (P) to ADP in order to make ATP

how ATP made

ADP + P + energy

where ATP made

mitochondria and chloroplast

aerobic

requires oxygen

anaerobic

does not require oxygen

oxidation

loss of electron and hydrogen atoms

reduction

gain of electron and hydrogen atoms

what substance undergoes reduction in photosynthesis

CO2 → C6H12O6

what substance undergoes reduction in cellular respiration

O2 → H2O

what substance undergoes oxidation in cellular respiration

C6H12O6 → CO2

what substance undergoes oxidation in photosynthesis

H2O → O2

what are the 4 phases of cellular respiration

1. glycolysis

2. transition reaction

3. kreb’s cycle

4. electron transport chain

where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasm

where does the transition reaction occur

cytoplasm→ mitochondria

where does the kreb’s cycle occur

mitochondrial matrix

where does the electron transport chain occur

inner membrane (cristae)

does glycolysis require O2

no

does the transition reaction require O2

no

does the Kreb’s cycle require O2

no

does the electron transport chain require O2

yes

what goes into glycolysis

C6H12O6 (glucose), 2 ATP

what goes into the transition reaction

2 pyruvate (C3)

what goes into the kreb’s cycle

2 Acetyl-CoA

what goes into the electron transport chain

10 NADH, 2FADH2, 6O2

what comes out of glycolysis

2 pyruvate (C3), 2 NADH, 2 ATP

what comes out of the transition reaction

2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2CO2 (waste)

what comes out of the kreb’s cycle

2 ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4 CO2 (waste)

what comes out of the electron transport chain

34 ATP, 6H2O

how many NADH are made in glycolysis

2

how many NADH are made in the transition reaction

2

how many NADH are made in the kreb’s cycle

6

how many NADH are made in the electron transport chain

0

how many FADH2 are made in glycolysis

0

how many FADH2 are made in the transition reaction

0

how many FADH2 are made in the kreb’s cycle

2

how many FADH2 are made in the electron transport chain

0

how many ATP are directly made in glycolysis

2 net ATP

how many ATP are directly made in the transition reaction

0

how many ATP are directly made in the Kreb’s cycle

2

how many ATP are directly made in the electron transport chain

0

how many total NADH are made in cellular respiration

10

how many total FADH2 are made in cellular respiration

2

how many ATP in total are made in cellular respiration

36-38 ATP