Jim Crow Test

Booker T. Washington

African American educator who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills & proved their economic value to society

• born a slave

Plessy v. Ferguson

a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did NOT violate the 14th amendment

Ida B. Wells

an editor of the Free Speech and Headlight in Memphis, Tennessee, who wrote about racial (in)justice such as documented lynching and other acts of violence

precedent

a previous action or decision that serves as an example or guide for future, similar situations

jurisprudence

the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do; a judge’s judicial philosophy or understanding of the law

judicial restraint approach

(one of the 2 views of jurisprudence)

the view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the constitution

• “originalism”

activist approach

(one of the 2 views of jurisprudence)

the view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws of the constitution and apply them to modern circumstances

• “living constitution”

states rights

rights/laws that are created specifically for each state by each individual state

• NEGATIVE

segregation

separation of public and private places strictly because of race (black & white)

disenfranchisement

take away a citizen’s voting rights

property requirement

voters were required to own property

• (which, obviously newly freedmen & other African Americans were unable to do this)

grandfather clause

stated that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867

poll tax

an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote

literacy test

tested for education (making sure they were able to read)

judicial review

review by the Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act; this is the power of the courts to declare a law unconstitutional

lynching

extrajudicial killing of a person by a mob, often for punishment or intimidation

WEB DuBois

African American who wanted an immediate end to segregation & wanted new Civil Rights acts to protect against lynching and disenfranchisement

• born free

preservation through transformation

South wants to preserve their beliefs, but they can’t proceed in the way they have been in the past

• NEGATIVE