RHS 350 Exam 1

Audiogram

chart that measures hearing thresholds across frequencies

Stapes

final ossicle that transmits vibrations to the oval window

Meniere’s disease

inner ear disorder with vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss

Sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory 

prelingual hearing loss

hearing loss before language development (3)

Auditory system

detects sound waves for hearing

congenital hearing loss

hearing loss present at birth (genetic, prenatal drugs, prenatal infections)

mixed hearing loss

combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

Vestibular system 

maintains balance and equilibrium 

hard of hearing

mild to moderate hearing loss; speech may be difficult to understand

vertigo

spinning or dizzy sensation from vestibular dysfunction

intensity

loudness of sound, measured in decibels

post vocational hearing loss

hearing loss after entering the workforce

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

vertigo from crystals in semicircular cannals

organ of corti

structure in the cochlea containing hair cells

central hearing loss

hearing loss caused from brain damage in sound processing centers

conductive hearing loss

hearing loss caused by blockage or damage in the outer/middle ear

postlingual hearing loss

hearing loss after language development

ossicles

three small bones in the middle ear that transmit vibrations

vestibular neuritis 

inflammation of the vestibular nerves causing severe vertigo 

deafness

server to profound hearing loss, even with aplification

Pitch

determined by frequency of sound waves (measured in Hertz)

Acquired hearing loss

hearing loss squired after birth (noise, injury, aging, otoxic drugs, infections)

Cochlea

inner ear organ with hair cells converting vibrations into nerve signals

Cochlear nerve

nerve carrying sound impulses to the brain

Physiologic vertigo

Vertigo from motion or heights without underlying disease

Hearing impairment 

any degree of hearing loss

prevocational hearing loss

hearing loss entering the workforce after speech development

eyeball

spherical organ encased in orbital cavities of the skull

eyelid 

protects the eyeball

lacrimal gland

secretes tears to keep the eyeball moist

cornea

admits lights and protects inner eye from foreign particles and organism

sclera

forms white part of the eye

iris

colored part of the eye

pupil

admits light to the inner part of the eye

aqueous humor

nourishes cornea and lens, a transparent fluid

lens

small transparent disk enclosed in a transparent capsule

vitreous humor

helps to maintain form and shape of eyeball

retina

contains special light-sensitive cells called rods and cones

rods

detect light and dark, shape and movement

cones

daylight and color vision, perception of sharp visual detail

optic nerve

enters back of the eye through optic disk

optic chiasm

optic nerves from both eyes join together at the base of the brain

20/200

legal blind

Visual Acuity

Sharpness of visual image perceived, snellen test

visual tests

used ot measure the level of best vision to measure the need for corrective lens

snellen test

a visual acuity test that uses a chat with rows of letters that decrease in size

refractive errors

changes in cornea, aqueous humor; prevents proper bending of light rays to converge on retina

Prebyopia

Associated with aging - vision gets worse

Glaucoma

eye condition that damages the optic nerve

Retinal detachment

sensory layer of retina becomes separated from pigmented layer

Retinitis Pigmentosa

slowly progressive loss of peripheral vision and in many cases blindness. Hereditary, degernative condition of the retina

Macular degeneration 

Degenerative changes in macula, part of eye needed for seeing fine detail and central vision ,Occurs after age of 50, no apparent cause, does not result in complete blindness

Partially sighted

does not fit into category of either blind or sighted population. may attempt to pass as sighted person. Emphasis on self care and independence tempered with judgment and concern

Severe vision loss or blindness

isolation and social withdrawal. must develop new adaptive skills and new abilities. may be dependent on assistance with others.

Optician

Makes glasses and contacts

optometrist

checks eyes and diagnose

Ophthalmologist

MD who does the surgeries and deals with eye conditions and diseases

external ear

pinna and ear canal capture and direct sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

middle ear

contains three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

inner ear

cochlea contains hair cells that convert mechanical vibrations into neural signals

Tinnitus 

ringing or buzzing sound perception without external stimuli

presbycusis

age-related hearing loss affecting high frequencies

acute peripheral vestibulopathy

inflammation of the labyrinth

intercostal muscles of the thorax 

external, internal, thoracic pleura

airflow

bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

obstructed airflow; chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Chronic bronchitis (typer 2/B)

chronic cough with sputum production, three months, not less than two consecutive years

Emphysema (Type 1/A)

Permanent enlargement of alveoli; overinflation of and destructive changes in alveolar walls

Advanced COPD

hypoxemia increases, oxygen supply to brain is inadequate; impaired judgement, confusion, muscle incoordination

Management of COPD

smoking cessation, oxygen, pulmonary rehab, breathing techniques etc. 

functional and vocational implications of COPD

shortness of breath lead to anxiety ad panic, oxygen use can lead to social isolation, social activity and interaction is difficult

Dyspnea

shortness of breath

Asthma

reversible airflow obstruction, airway inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness to bronchi

Functional and vocational of asthma

requires adherence to management plan to control exacerbations, medications and health care are crucial management

Tuberculosis

infectious condition caused by organism Mycobacterium

Latent TB

virus is inactive in body. Person is infected with no symptoms 

Active TB

virus is active and person has symptoms 

Functional and vocational TB

Social isolation, homelessness, poverty, etc.

Cystic Fibrosis

genetic, progressive, multisystem condition: lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sweat glands, reproductive system

Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis 

chronic cough, thick sputum, frequent pulmonary infections 

Pneumoconiosis

inhalation of particulate matter

Silicosis

exposure to silica dust

asbestosis 

long-term inhalation of asbestos fibers 

Occupational asthma

immune response to the sensitizing agent in the workplace

Occupational COPD

Same manifestations as COPD, caused by exposure to dust, fumes, inhaled substances in work environment.

Pharyngitis 

condition of upper airway caused by viral or bacterial infection. sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing. 

Laryngitis

inflammation of larynx, caused by virus. Hoarseness, loss of voice, cough, sore throat.

Pneumonia

Acute condition caused by inflammation and infection, affects bronchioles and alveolar tissue. Cough, chest pain, fever, breathlessness.

Bronchiectasis 

chronic inflammation and dilation of bronchi and bronchioles; permanently vulnerable to recurrent infection and progressive lung destruction. 

Obstructive sleep apnea

repeated episodes of cessation of breathing occur during sleep.

Pneumothroax

open wound to the chest; may allow air to enter the thoracic cavity and cause lung on affected side to collapse.

Hemothorax 

escape of blood into thoracic cavity due to injury to chest that damages vessels in thoracic cavity 

restrictive pulmonary conditions

prevents individuals from receiving adequate supply of air

Broca’s

affects speech located in left frontal lobe

Wernicke 

Affects speech comprehension. located in posterior temporal lobe 

Occipital lobe

Vision

Frontal Lobe

executive functions

cerebellum 

balance and coordination 

temporal lobe

hearing, memory, languag