Chapter 1 - A&P

Anatomy

the study of form

Physiology

study of function

what are the four way anatomy studies form?

Palpation, Ausculation, Percussion, and Inspection

Palpation

touching the body

Ausculation

listening to natural sounds made by the body

Percussion

tapping on body surface

Inspection

looking at the body

Gross anatomy

structures that can be examined with the unaided eye

Microscopic anatomy

cannot be seen with the eyes (microscope needed) using thinly sliced and stained tissue samples and observe under microscope

Histology

Taking thinly sliced tissue, staining it, and observing under a microscope

What are the three subdisciplines of physiology?

Neurophysiology, Endocrinology, and Pathophysiology

Neurophysiology

physiology/study of the nervous system

Endocrinology

physiology/study of hormones

Pathophysiology

physiology/study of disease

Comparative physiology

compares different species to learn about body functions

Why is comparative physiology important

Basis for our understanding of human physiology and the development of new drugs and medical procedures

Methodologies

combines comparative physiology with other models such as AI

Science

public enterprise supported by governments and conducted by an international community of scholars

thinking based off of assumptions that are reliable, objective, and testable

What are the two ways of scientific thinking

Inductive and Hypothetico-deductive

Inductive

from many observations, informs what we know about ANATOMY

Hypothetico-deductive

poses a testable question, conduct experiment, then draw a conclusion. informs what we know about PHYSIOLOGY

Sample size

number of study subjects - more subjects = more confidence in study

Controls

comparison between treated and untreated individuals to see if the treatment has any effect

Psychosomatic effects

can have a negative effect on experiemenal results - can be solved by giving placebo to control subjects

Experimental bias

can be solved using double blind studies - researcher nor subjects know whats happening

What are the products of scientific fact?

Scientific fact, Law of nature, and Theory

Scientific Fact

Information can be independently verified (ex. dropping a phone makes it fall on the ground)

Law of nature

Generalization about the way matter and energy behave; results from repeated observations and summarizes many facts (Law of gravitation)

Theory

An explanatory statement from facts, laws, and hypotheses. summarizes what we know but suggests more research to be done (ex. theory of evolution)

Molecular to whole body

Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Negative feedback

bodys ability to detect change, oppose it, and return body to homeostasis (set point)

Importance of maintaining homeostasis

for our health; loss of homeostatic control = disease and death (patho)

Living things

made of cells, organization, metabolism, respond to changes in environment, homeostasis, develop and grow, reproduce, and change over time (evolution)

Negative feedback in regulation of body temp

bodys core temp is too high - vasodialation of blood vessels and sweating return to set point

bodys core temp is too low - vasoconstriction of blood vessels and shivering return to set point

How does shivering increase core body temp

through movement

Vasoconstriction

narrowing of diameter of BV

Vasodilation

widening of diameter of BV

Positive feedback

self amplifying cycle - physiologic change that leads to increasingly greater change often rapidly

Is all positive feedback good?

No - ex fever in infants and adults

Physiologic Gradient

difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, pressure, and temp between one point and another

Matter and energy flow

down gradients - from high concentration to low concentration

Anatomical position

upright, feet flat, arms at sides, palms facing forwards

Why do we have a frame of reference

Universally understood and for clarity

Saggital Plane

Divides body into right and left sides

Midsaggital plane

divides body into EQUAL right and left halves

Frontal (coronal) plane

divides into front and back

Transverse plane

divides into upper and lower portions

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Medial

Towards the median plane

Lateral

Away from median plane

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to body surface

Deep

farther from body surface

Body cavities

lined with membranes and contain internal organs (viscera)

viscera

internal organs

Pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal membranes are

two layered serous membranes

Parietal layer

lines a cavity

Visceral layer

lies on the surface of an organ

serous fluid

reduces friction between internal organs

order of membranes in the body

Parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura