Exam 3 (Comprehensive)

Accept statements are kept as accept. Reject statements are restated as accept statements

Negative feedback loops result in homeostatic regulation of necessary sex hormones in the body

Negative feedback loops result in homeostatic regulation of necessary sex hormones in the body

The reproductive system has no homeostatic role.

Testes are accessory sex organs in the male

Testes are the primary sex organs in the male.

Gonads produce the gametes in both sexes

Accept

The reproductive system is not necessary for life, but it does affect other systems in the body

Accept

The suspensory ligament suspends the ovary under the uterine tube

The suspensory ligament anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall.

The uterine tube is about 4 in. long and has ciliated fimbria on the infundibulum. The cilia create currents to draw the ovum into the reproductive tract.

Accept

The uterus is the sight of most fertilization and is an organ with thick muscle layer that function in menstration.

The uterine tube is the sight of most fertilization and the uterus is an organ with thick muscle layer that function in menstruation.

The vagina releases large amounts of H+ from epithelial cells as a natural contraception.

The vagina releases large amounts of glycogen from epithelial cells which can act as a natural contraception.

The broad ligament is made from the serous membrane, the peritoneum, in the abdominopelvic cavity.

Accept

Secondary oocytes are ova, having completed meiosis.

Secondary oocytes are ova, but are in metaphase II.

Ovulation is the release of an oocyte into the female reproductive tract.

Ovulation is the release of an oocyte into the abdominopelvic cavity and then the cilia/fimbra bring it into the uterine tube.

The uterus of an older woman is usually anteverted.

The uterus of an older woman is usually retroverted.

vesicular follicle -- large follicle selected for ovulation. Contains an immature egg (has not completed meiosis).

Accept

endometrium -- smooth muscle layer of the uterus.

endometrium — lining of the uterus

spiral arteries -- arteries that spasm and degenerate prior to menstruation and are reformed after the basal layer produces a new functional layer.

Accept

cervix -- the part of the uterus that projects into the vagina

Accept

The mesovarium is the uterine layer where implantation takes place.

The endometrium is the uterine layer where implantation takes place.

Secondary oocytes are still 2N, arrested in metaphase II.

Accept

A woman will undergo oogenesis until menopause.

All oogenesis and egg production is completed when women are born.

An ectopic pregnancy can result when the corpus luteum does not form.

An ectopic pregnancy can result when the egg implants outside the uterus.

Increasing levels of estrogen produced by maturing follicles characterize the follicular phase.

Accept

The luteal phase corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

Accept

A sudden burst of FSH causes estrogen to rise to a critical level.

A sudden burst of LH causes estrogen to rise to a critical level.

The corpus luteum produces luteinizing hormone.

The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone.

Before ovulation, estrogen thins the cervical mucus and coordinates what is happening in the proliferative phase with what is happening in the follicular phase.

Accept

Estrogen thickens the uterine lining day 6-14 and progesterone continues the thickening in the secretory phase.

Accept

Spiral arteries increase in the proliferative phase and then kink and go into spasms, which leads to menstruation, at the end of the secretory phase.

Accept

Leptin causes the release of GnRH, which causes the functional layer to produce a new basal layer.

Increased estrogen during the proliferative phases causes the basal layer to produce a new basal layer.

A surge of LH causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum at the beginning of the luteinizing phase.

Accept

Progesterone causes the inhibition of the maturation of new follicles.

Accept

A sudden decrease in progesterone causes menstruation.

Accept

The antral follicle produces the most estrogen in a woman's body while the corpus luteum produces the most progesterone.

Accept

Gonadotropin - releasing hormone stimulates the release of sex hormones from the posterior pituitary

Gonadotropin - releasing hormone stimulates the release of sex hormones from the anterior pituitary

In both sexes, follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates cells of the primary sex organs to ultimately produce gametes.

Accept

LH causes the egg and sperm to secrete estrogen or testosterone.

LH causes the ovaries and testes to secrete estrogen or testosterone.

Birth control pills ultimately inhibit follicular activation and the normal build-up of the uterine wall. Contraception is achieved because there is usually no ovulation and, if there is, there is no suitable site for implantation.

Accept

The initiation of events that lead to puberty is the same for males and females -- the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH in both sexes.

Accept

Hormonal control is the same for both sexes in the initial production of sex hormones -- FSH causes the production of the gametes and the gametes produce hormones.

Accept

If a young girl, like a gymnast, does not have enough fat stores, low leptin levels will inhibit the pulse-like release of GNRH and thus, delay menarche. (evaluation)

Accept

The female cycle includes two phases in the ovary and three in the uterus. The ovary and uterus are coordinated with each other by hormones that are secreted by the organs involved.

Accept

nitric oxide -- a chemical that relaxes smooth muscle and thus, dilates arterioles.

Accept

Viagra -- a prescription that causes an increase in nitric oxide production

Viagra — a prescription that causes an decrease in nitric oxide re-uptake

androgen-binding protein — keeps testosterone levels high around spermatogenic cells. Release is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone.

Accept

ovulation — the sudden release of a follicle into the female reproductive tract.

ovulation — the sudden release of a follicle into the abdominopelvic cavity.

dartos — connective tissue that makes up the tubules of the epididymis.

dartos — a layer of smooth muscle that wrinkles the scrotal sac

spermatogenesis -- the production of 1N sperm by meiosis

Accept

prostaglandins -- compounds in semen that decrease the thickness of cervical mucus

Accept

corpus spongiosum -- spongy tissue in the penis that exands to produce and maintain an erection

corpus cavernosum — spongy tissue in the penis that exands to produce and maintain an erection

Seminiferous tubules are the cells that produce the sperm, but they do not begin to do so until puberty.

Accept

The scrotum is made up of the cremaster muscle. Contraction of this muscle is part of emission.

The scrotum is made up of the cremaster muscle. Contraction of this muscle is to elevate and lower the testes.

Testes are not formed inside of the scrotum but instead must descend into the sac from where they are formed in the abdominal pelvic cavity.

Accept

The body responds to changes in temperature by keeping the testes ~1 degree C cooler than ambient temperature.

The body responds to changes in temperature by keeping the testes ~3 degree C cooler than ambient temperature.

Cells in the epididymis produce androgens, which stimulate the secretion of androgen-binding protein.

Interstitial cells in the testes produce androgens, which stimulate the secretion of androgen-binding protein.

Sperm mature and gain the ability to swim while traveling, for ~20 days, along the 20 feet of the coiled tubule on the posterior surface of the testes

Accept

A vasectomy is when the spermatic cord, part of the scrotal sac, is cut.

A vasectomy is when the ductus deferens, part of the duct system, is cut.

Ductus deferens travels from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. The latter is posterior to the bladder within the prostate gland.

Accept

Seminal vesicles produce and secrete semen.

Seminal vesicles produce and secrete 60% of semen.

A major function of seminal vesicles is to produce an alkaline fluid that will help neutralize the acidic environment of the female vagina.

Accept

After a vasectomy, the prostate gland secretions do not contribute much of the semen volume (evaluation).

After a vasectomy, the prostate gland secretions still contribute much of the semen volume (evaluation).

Bulbourethral glands produce a fuel source for the sperm before ejaculation

Seminal vesicles produce a fuel source for the sperm before ejaculation.

Sympathetic innervation causes the release of nitric oxide.

Parasympathetic innervation causes the release of nitric oxide.

Corpus cavernosa expansion compresses the drainage vessels out of the penis, which allows for accumulation of large volumes of blood in the erectile tissue

Accept

Erection is a rare example of parasympathetic control of arterioles as these are usually solely under the control of the sympathetic nervous system.

Accept

Ejaculation is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle at the base of the penis.

Accept

Emission is the result of a sympathetic spinal reflex and involves the contraction of smooth muscle in ducts and glands. The same reflex simultaneously causes the contraction of bladder sphincter muscles.

Accept

Erection is caused by the relaxation of muscle.

Accept

Viagra has a 70% success rate in alleviating impotence because it is made up of the compound, nitric oxide (NO), a powerful sexual stimulant.

Viagra has a 70% success rate in alleviating impotence because it inhibits the re-uptake of nitric oxide (NO), a powerful sexual stimulant.

PDE5 breaks down NO resulting in a loss of dilation.

Accept

Erection is due to a sensory spinal reflex while ejaculation is caused by sympathetic output from the brain.

Erection is due to a parasympathetic spinal reflex while ejaculation is caused by sympathetic spinal reflex.

When smooth muscle relaxes, corpora cavernosa becomes engorged and compresses drainage veins. This sequence both causes and maintains erection.

Accept

Corpus spongiosum expansion functions as the means to keep the urethra open during ejaculation.

Accept

Emission is caused by the contraction of smooth muscle in glands and ducts. It is part of the sympathetic reflex and occurs just prior to ejaculation.

Accept

The one Antron follicle, normally produced each month at the end of the proliferative phase, is the source of a woman's highest level of estrogen. Women who are amenorrheic have lower levels of estrogen for this reason.

Accept

The follicular phase is initiated by rising levels of estrogen and coordinated with the uterus by hormones released from the anterior pituitary

The follicular phase is initiated by the release of GnRH and coordinated with the uterus by hormones released from the anterior pituitary

Moderate levels of estrogen inhibit the secretion of LH and FSH. High levels of estrogen cause a sudden release of these hormones. The surge of LH is largely what causes ovulation.

Accept

Luteinizing hormone is produced by the corpus luteum in the luteal phase.

Progesterone and estrogen are produced by the corpus luteum in the luteal phase.

In the proliferative phase, progesterone is at its highest level

In the secretory phase, progesterone is at its highest level

The follicular phase corresponds to both menstrual and proliferative phases in the uterine cycle. Thus, even during menstruation, follicles begin to grow and mature (synthesis).

Accept

A sudden drop, in particularly progesterone, cause spiral arteries to kink and the functional layer of the endometrium begins to slough off at the end of the secretory phase.

Accept

Depo-Provera, synthetic progesterone, causes thickening of the cervical mucus and inhibition of ovulation similarly to conditions occurring concurrently with the secretory phase.

Accept

Estrogen increases the activity of fimbrae, promotes Na+ reabsorption and water retention

Accept

As sperm swim through the female reproductive tract their membranes become tougher and more stable in order to ensure their arrival to the oocyte.

As sperm swim through the female reproductive tract their membranes become weaker and rely on propulsion to get to the oocyte.

The cortical reaction causes the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II and become 1N

The cortical reaction does not cause the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II and become 1N

The true moment of fertilization occurs when the sperm enters the oocyte

The true moment of fertilization does not occur when the sperm enters the oocyte

During her pregnancy, a woman continues to produce LH to preserve and maintain the corpus luteum.

During early pregnancy, a woman produces LH to preserve and maintain the corpus luteum, a role that the placenta will assume in later pregnancy.

The corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone early in the pregnancy and thus the uterine lining is maintained and not sloughed off.

Accept

A placental tissue secretes human chorionic gonadotropin early in the pregnancy and then the placenta secretes estrogen and progesterone later in the pregnancy.

Accept

Estrogen from the ovaries begins to decline from the 2nd month to the 4th month, a time when women are more prone to miscarry.

Accept

blastomeres -- daughter cells produced by the mitotic division, called cleavage, of the zygote

Accept

trophoblasts — cells of the morula that will become the embryonic disc

trophoblasts — cells of the blastocyst that will become the placenta

gastrulation -- the formation of the neural tube from the infolding of the ectoderm.

gastrulation — germ layer formation

organogenesis -- the formation of body systems and organs from the germ layers.

Accept

Pre embryonic development includes blastocyst formation until full implantation, at the end of the second week.

Accept

Implantation begins 6-7 days after ovulation and usually takes 1 week.

Accept

The embryonic development finishes with the development of the embryonic membranes.

The embryonic development finishes with the full development of the organ systems

Fetal development, from week 9 until full term at the end of 38 weeks, is mostly a time of rapid growth and after all adult organ systems have formed.

Accept

The placenta develops from the chorion (fetal contribution) and the maternal (endometrial) layers.

Accept

In the placenta, blood brought to the chorionic villi by the umbilical arteries merges with the maternal blood in the lacuna .

In the placenta, blood brought to the chorionic villi by the umbilical veins and does not merge with the maternal blood in the lacuna .

The yolk sac comes from the inner cell mass and produces part of the gut.

Accept

The mesoderm forms structures in the middle of the body and the endoderm by definition, forms the innermost organs.

The mesoderm forms structures not formed by the endoderm and ectoderm, and the endoderm by definition, forms epithelial linings