PB200 Final Exam Content

Fungi

• Eukaryotic

• filamentous or unicellular

  • simple

  • little cellular differentiation

• spores

• hetertrophic

  • saprobes (feed on dead materials)

  • symbionts (feed on or with other organisms)

• Storage = glycogen

Chitin

what the cell wall of fungi is made of

• composed of cellulose with amino cross-links

  • same stuff arthropod exoskeletons are made of

Glycogen

the storage of fungi

Hyphae or hypha

“vegetative” structure of fungi

• unicellular

• filamentous

• can be coenocytic

  • septate - cross walls

• Grow at tip

• they branch

Mycelia or mycelium

• mat of hyphae

• fruiting body

Saprophytes

Fungi that feed off of dead organic matter

Spores

• single cells

• reproduction/dispersal of fungi

• asexual

• sexual

  • distinctive in each major gorup

• easily carried on wind

  • great

Extracellular Digestion

Secretion of digestive enzymes by fungi that absorb products and causes decay

• All Fungi do this

Mutualists

fungi that live with organisms

Aeriobic

fungi mainly require oxygenF

Facultative anaerobic

fungi can live in the oxygen is present or not

Fungi Disease

ringworm, athlete’s foot

Myxomycota

• slime molds

• not true fungi

  • part of Protista

• 1. Plasmodial slime molds

• 2. Cellular slime molds

Plasmodial slime molds

• type of myxomycota

• multinucleated

• forms sporangia which releases spores

• engulf food like an amoeba

Cellular Slime molds

• spores form amoebae

• amoebae coalesce into sporangium

Eumycota

True Fungi

Coenocytic

• hyphae that are multinucleated and have a continuous cytoplast without dvision from septa.

Septa hyphae

• hyphae with cross walls that often have pores allowing cytoplasmic flow

Saprobes

fungi that decompose dead organic matter

Parasites

fungi that infect and derive nutrients from a living host

Mutualists

fungi that form a beneficial relationship with other organisms

• Lichen = fungi + algae

• Mycorrhiza = fungi + plant roots

Chytridiomycota

• Unicellular to coenocytic (have no cross walls within hyphae)

• saprobes to parasites

• Flagellate Spores

• important

  • decay in aquatic environments

  • Amphibians diseases

    • decline of frogs

Glomeromycota

• Monophyletic

  • come from single lineage

• soil-borne

• found in most ecosystems

• symbiotic with 90% of terrestial plants

• Arbuscular mycorrhizal association (roots)

• Long fossil history

• forms a tree like structure within the hyphae of roots

Arbuscular mycorrhizal assocaiation

Glomeromycota hyphae infiltrate plant roots and produce a tree like structure within

a type of endomycorhhizae

Zygomycota

• coencytic

• can me mutualists, saprobes, or parasites

• Asexually: the form spores called sporangium

• Sexually: They form sexual spores called zygospores which are made in the zygosporangium

• Zygosporangium

  • thick walled structure that have sexual spores called zygospores that form inside of them

Sporangiospores

asexual spores of zygomycota

Zygosporangium

thick cell wall formed during sexual reproduction when two different fungal hyphae fuse. It helps protect the sexual spores of zygomycota

Zygospores

The sexual spores that are formed inside the zygosporangium

Ascomycota

• Septate hyphae

• cup fungi

• Contain asci

  • sac-like structures where sexual spores (ascospores) are produced

  • Asci are found in the fruiting body called the ascocarp

Ascocarp

The fruiting body that contains the Asci which hold the ascospores (sexual spores)

Asci

• sac-like structures where ascospores are produced

Ascospores

the sexual spores of ascomycota

usually 8 of these are made within each ascus

Ascomycota

products of this fungi include

• yeast products

  • bread, alcoholic beverages

• cheeses, Roquefort

• Penecillin

Examples of Ascomycota

• Truffles

• Morchella = morels

Dutch Elm Disease

disease caused by ascomycota fungi

• grows into the xylem and plugs it

• spread by beetle that chews on the twigs

Ergot of Rye

• disease caused by ascomycota fungi

• black, extends out

• dyes bread red when baked

• LSD precursor

• Salem witch trials

Basidiomycota

• club fungi

• mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts

• Cells Septate, with ring around pore

Primary Hyphae

Forms when the spores of basidiomycota germiante and are haploid

Secondary Hyphae

When primary hyphae of basidiomycota fuse together forming a binucleate cell

forms the main mycelium

Basidiocarp

• mushrooms

  • cap on a stalk

  • gills or pores under cap

    • site of basidia

Basidia

Structures that form the sexual spores in Basidiomycota.

Located inside of basidicarp

Amanita virosa

• death angel

• poisonous mushroom (basidiocarp)

• deadly poisonous

  • amatoxins

Amanita muscaria

• hallucinogenic mushroom

• red cap with white flecks

• Siberian eskimoes

Amanita phalloides

• death cap mushroom

• causes more deaths than any other mushroom

• squirrels are not affected by this mushroom

Amatoxin

RNA polymerase inhibitor

• stops protein synthesis

Mainly affects liver

• first organ enocunted

• 7 mg fatal

found in Amanita virosa

Algae

• Are found in both

  • prokaryotes (no nucleus)

  • eukaryotes (nucleus)

    • divided into plants and protists

• Simple in organization

• aquatic and terrestrial

Unicellular

• algal morphology

• single cell

• flagellate and non-flagellate

Colonial

algal morphology

cells resembling free-swimming unicells form groups

Filamentous

algal morphology

chains of individual cells

Coenocytic

algal morphology

one large cell with many nuclei

Thalloid

algal morphology

flattened sheets

Cyanobacteria

• Prokaryotic algae (no defined nucleus)

  • smaller cells

  • prokaryotic ribosomes

  • peptidoglycan in cell wall

• blue-green algae

• Photosynthetic: chlorophyll a and phycocyanin

  • Use CO2, H2O

  • Release O2

Oomycota

• Water “molds”

• flagellated unicells to coenocytes

• most aquatic, some terrestrial

• parasites to saprobes

  • algae, plants

  • cottony mass on fish

• Causes diseases such as Downy mildews and light light or potato (irish potato famine)

Downy mildews

• disease caused by oomycota

• affected French grape vines

Irish Potato famine

oomycota led to the starvation of a country

Dinophyta

• “fire algae”

• unicellular

• 2 flagella

  • girdles

  • swims

• Some are autotrophs

  • chlorophyll a and c, carotenoids

• Some are Heterotrophs

• Produce neurotoxins

  • fish killer

  • red tides that poison shell fish

  • bioluminescence

Zooxanthellae

• Dinoflagellates that live in symbiosis with reef-building corals (obligate mutualism)

• at higher temperatures, coral expel algae

  • very specific temperatures. it the temperatures rise a bit too much the coral expel the algae

• coral bleaching

  • when corals expel algae which leads to decline and death of the coral

Coral Bleaching

when coral expel algae (zooxanthellae, a type of dinophyta) which leads to decline and death of the coral

Dinophyta

• Fish killer

• Red tides

• Bioluminescence

Cellular Fusion

sexual reproduction of Dinophyta, Chromophyta, Rhodophyta

Fission

asexual reproduction of chromophyta, dinophyta

Spores

asexual reproduction by Phaeophyceae (brown algae) and Rhodophyta

Chromophyta

• mostly unicellular

• chlorphylls a, c, carotenoids, and fucoxanthin

• Cell wall made of cellulose or glass

• store a version of starch called chrysolaminarin

Chrysolaminarin

version of starch stored by Chromophyta

Fucoxanthin

carotenoid pigment found in chromophyta, specifically brown algae (Phaeophyceae)

Bacillariophyta diatoms

• Diatoms

• cell wall of glass

  • beautiful patterns of holes

  • two halves fit like a petri dish important in algal blooms

• Fossil cell walls used as filters

  • think beds of diatomaceous earth

  • used for swimming pools, filtering alcohol

  • once used for toothpaste, but it is too abrasive

Brown Algae

• seaeeds, kelps

• multicellular

  • leaflike, stemlike, rootlike structures

  • floats

  • can be enourmous

• chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin

• cellulose cell walls

• Carbohydrates are laminarin and mannitol

• Sexual reproduction by alternation of generations

  • sporophytes larger and longer-lived

Rhodophyta

• mostly multicellular

• nonmotile

• chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin

• no grana in the chloroplasts

• cellulose cell wall

• carbohydrate is Floridean starch

floridean starch

the carbohydrate stored in rohodophyta

Chlorophyta

• Green algae

• most diverse in ecology and morphology

• unicellular, colonial, multicellular

• chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids

• carbohydrate = starch

• cellulose cell wall

Endosymbiotic Theory

• chloroplast is a bacterial endosymbiont in a protozoan cell

  • Main idea is that mitochondria and chloroplast were once free-living prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger host cell through endocytosis

• evidence

  • chloroplast has a double membrane, inner is similar to prokaryotes and outer membrane similar to the host cell

  • Chloroplast and mitochondria both have their own DNA 9circular

Endogenous Theory

• area of photosynthesis enveloped by inpocket of cell or other membrane

• giving rise to endoplasmic reitculum and nuclear envelope

  • double membrane

  • does not fit with DNA or ribosomes

Meiosis

Produces spores

reduces the number of chromosomes by half

fertilization restores the number of chromosomes

Sporophyte

Diploid

forms psores in sporangia by meiosis

Gametophyte

haploid (1 set of chromosomes due to meiosis)

forms gametes by mitosis

• sperm and egg

Archegonium

Forms the egg

Antheridium

forms the sperm

Bryophytes

• the mosses

• Have independent gametophyte, and dependent sporophyte

• The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte

• Non-vascular plants

Water

in bryophytes, sperm requires this to travel to the egg

Archegonium of mosses

has cells that go through apoptosis to allow sperm to swim into and reach the egg

Liverworts

• Hepaticae

• non-vascular plant

• leafy or thallow (permanently open pores for gas exchange)

Gemmae

asexual reproductive part in liverworts and mosses

Hornworts

• non-vascular plant

• thalloid

  • chloroplast

    • one per cell

    • pyrenoid - algal feature, a protein body

Pyrenoid

• microcompartments found in chloroplasts of algae and hornworts

Annulus

specialized ring of cells on the sporangium that plays a crucial role in spore dispersal

• In ferns they will straighten when dry and rip open sporangium acting as a catapult, flinging the spores

Operculum

the lid-like structure that covers the mouth of the sporangium (spore capsule) and falls off when the sores are mature.

Homospory

spores of ferns are all the same size

Gametophytes both male and female

Heterospory

• Megaspores

  • larger and produce only egg

• Microspores

  • smaller and produce only sperm

Megaspores

spores in ferns that only produce egg

develops archegonium

Microspores

spores in ferns that only produce sperm

develops antheriridium

Green algae

ancestor of land plants

shares

• Pigments

  • chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids

  • storage product

    • starch

  • mitotic detials

  • nucleic acid sequences

    • ribosomal sequence

Sporophyte of ferns

• True stems, roots and leaves

• leaves unroll

  • Circinate vernatio = “fiddleheads”

• stem upright or a rhizome

• no secondary tissue

• homosporous and heterosporus

Sporangia of fern

borne on underside of leaf

in sori (clusters)

• contains annulus

Gametophyte of ferns

• haploid phase

• small

• no vascular tissue

• heart shaped

• contains antheririum (rounded)

• contains archegonium (vase-shaped)

Psilotophyta

• whisk fern

• axes only - simple structure

• later sporangia fused into 2’s and 3’s

• underground gametophyte

Axes

term for having no true stems, roots, and leaves

Lycopods

• sporangia borneon the adaxial surface of leaf

• dichotomous branching

• homosporous and heterosporous

Equisetophytes

• horse tails

• have true leaves, stems, and roots

• appendages borne in whorls

• Stems

  • photosynthetic

  • accumulate silica (souring rush)

• Spores

  • Homosporous

    • Elaters to carry on wind

Monoeciuos

Plant having both male and female flowers on the same plant

Dioecious

Plants having male and female flowers on separate plants