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A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapter 10 of Pima Medical Institute’s psychology course on emotions, stress, happiness, and motivation.
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Affect
The experience of feeling or emotion.
Arousal
The bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Emotion
A conscious, situation-specific, valenced mental state.
Motivation
A driving force that initiates goal-directed behavior.
Drive
Motivational state created by something negative that pushes behavior.
Homeostasis
The natural, balanced state of the body’s systems.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Proposes that emotions and physiological arousal occur simultaneously.
James-Lange Theory
Proposes that emotion is the result of physiological arousal.
Two-Factor Theory
Proposes that arousal and cognitive interpretation combine to create emotion.
Misattribution of Arousal
Incorrectly labeling the source of one’s physiological arousal.
Excitation Transfer
Arousal from one event intensifies emotions from an unrelated event.
Emotional Regulation
The ability to modulate an emotion or set of emotions.
Situation Selection
Choosing environments to influence future emotional states.
Situation Modification
Altering a situation to change its emotional impact.
Attentional Deployment
Directing attention to influence emotions.
Cognitive Change
Reinterpreting a situation to alter its emotional meaning.
Response Modulation
Influencing emotional responses after they arise.
Stress
The physiological response to internal or external stressors.
Acute Stress Disorder
Short-term (≤4 weeks) intrusive, hypervigilant reaction to trauma.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Similar symptoms to acute stress disorder lasting ≥4 weeks.
General Adaptation Syndrome
Three-phase physiological reaction to long-term stress.
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system central to stress response.
Cortisol
Stress hormone that releases sugars into the blood.
Social Readjustment Scale
Measure of life events that predicts stress-related illness risk.
Daily Hassles
Everyday minor stressors (e.g., losing keys) that harm health.
Fight-or-Flight Response
Emotional–behavioral readiness to confront or escape a threat.
Tend-and-Befriend Response
Creating social networks for protection and resource exchange during stress.
Subjective Well-Being
Personal assessment of happiness and life satisfaction.
PERMA Model
Framework of Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment.
Optimism
General tendency to expect positive outcomes.
Self-Efficacy
Belief in one’s ability to achieve desired results.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Energy expended while at rest; major determinant of weight.
Binge Eating Disorder
Recurrent binges without purging; often linked to overweight.
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge eating followed by purging; weight often normal.
Anorexia Nervosa
Severe food restriction, low weight, body dysmorphia, fear of gaining weight.
Sexual Response Cycle
Biological phases of human sexual response: arousal, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
Arousal Phase (Sex)
Genital areas fill with blood.
Plateau Phase
Pulse, blood pressure, and breathing rise; orgasm feels imminent.
Orgasm Phase
Muscular contractions throughout body, especially genitals.
Resolution Phase
Body gradually returns to pre-arousal state.
Gendered Orgasm Gap
Women have fewer orgasms than men in heterosexual sex.
Intrinsic Motivation
Doing an activity for its inherent pleasure.
Extrinsic Motivation
Doing an activity for external reward.
Expectancy Theory
Performance rises when effort is believed to lead to valued rewards.
Growth Mindset
Belief that abilities can be developed through effort.
Fixed Mindset
Belief that abilities are static and unchangeable.