Topic 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

Flashcards based on Cellular Level of Organization lecture notes.

Cell

The structural and functional unit of all living matter.

Plasma Membrane Functions

Separates intracellular from extracellular, holds cells together, identifies cells as 'self', allows for communication.

Lipid Bilayer

Two back-to-back layers of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids.

What type of substances have greater permeability in the plasma membrane?

Lipid soluble substances.

Examples of Integral Proteins

Ion Channels, Carriers, Receptors, Enzymes.

Examples of Peripheral Proteins

Cell Identity Markers, Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins (MHC Proteins).

What are the two types of Passive Transport?

Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion

Movement of solutes down the concentration gradient.

Types of Diffusion

Simple, Facilitated, Channel Mediated, Carrier Mediated.

Osmosis

Movement of solvent from area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Hydrostatic Pressure

Pressure exerted by fluid on its side of the membrane.

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure proportional to the concentration of solutes that cannot cross the membrane.

Tonicity

Solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering its water content.

Isotonic Solution

Cell stays the same.

Hypotonic Solution

Cell Bursts

Hypertonic Solution

Cell Shrinks.

Primary Active Transport

Energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Example of Primary Active Transport

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Secondary Active Transport

Energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Symporter

Moves two substances in the same direction.

Antiporter

Moves two substances in opposite directions.

Phagocytosis

Cellular Eating

Pinocytosis

Cellular Drinking

Exocytosis

Cells release material through a transport mechanism.

Cytosol

Gel-like substance inside the cell.

Cytoplasm

Found surrounding the nucleus of the cell and is the living material of the cell.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains ribosomes that give it a rough texture and is responsible for more protein synthesis.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

No ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and steroids which make up the cellular membrane.

Golgi Apparatus

Wraps the protein in a sac and prepares them for secretion

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell where ATP is generated.

Lysosomes

Digestive organelles that destroy bacteria and clean things up.

Centrosome

Gives shape and organization to the cell.

Nucleus

Control center for the cell that controls the working of the entire cell.

Nucleoli

Clusters of proteins, DNA, and RNA that produce ribosomes.

What do proteins determine in protein synthesis?

The physical and chemical characteristics of cells.

Transcription

Occurs inside of the nucleus. The process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis

Translation

Occurs outside of the nucleus. The process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein

Somatic Cell

Any cell in the body other than a germ cell (sperm or oocyte).

Meiosis

Production of germ cells (sperm or oocyte; known as gametes)

Interphase

DNA is replicated in the nucleus, organelles duplicate.

Prophase

Beginning of duplication –> chromatids are formed

Metaphase

Chromatids align in the center of the cell

Anaphase

Each chromatid is separated (chromosomes) and moved to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

Outer membrane constricts and pinches the cell in half creating two identical cells

Where does Meiosis occur?

Occurs in the gonads.

Apoptosis

A programmed cell death

Tumors or Neoplasms

Increase in production or lack of cellular death.

Types of Tumors

Benign and Malignant