Crops and Society Final

China is a "freeze-dried” storage product made by the Indians in South America from:

white potatoes

Potatoes are swollen underground tubers that botanically are modified:

stems

The great Irish famine of 1845 and 1846 was caused by:

late blight of potatoes

The white potato is native to:

Brazil

Plants derived via asexual reproduction from a single parent are:

clones

Cyanogenic glycosides can be found in the uncooked parts of

cassava

Which is a corm that is steamed, crushed, and allowed to ferment make poi

taro

Which starchy staple is a source of diosgenin, an inexpensive source of steroids?

yam

_______ are underground stems with food storing leaves. Onions and garlic are examples

bulbs

Which starchy staple has a natural distribution in both South America and the Pacific Islands?

sweet potato

Starchy staples commonly have nutritional values of about ___percent starch but only _____percent protein

30, 2

Bitter varieties of cassava contain large quantities of ____that must be removed during processing.

cyanide compounds

The sweet potato is actually a:

tuberous root

Which starchy staple is used to prepare the native dish of Hawaii?

taro

The source of tapioca pearls in the agglutinated flour obtained from the _____root.

manihot

Solanum tuberosum is native to:

Peru

The history of the United Fruit Company is intimately linked to the spread and rise of:

bananas

Sweet potatoes are native to what region of the world?

South America

What is the major disadvantage of cassava as a dietary staple?

very low protein

Name on type of vegetative reproduction?

rhizomes, stolons, runners, tubers

What is one advantage of vegetative reproduction?

speed, known results for marketability

Solanum tuberosum is native to _____.

Andean highlands of South America

Horizontal underground modified stems are called _____.

rhizomes

The white potato is a member of which family?

Solanaceae

Which starchy staple was involved in 20th century politics of Central America?

Banana

Which form of starch is a highly branched molecule?

amylopectin

Which form of starch is relatively soluble in water?

amylose

Manihot esculenta is the scientific name for _____

cassava

Which is one disadvantage to asexual reproduction.

Offspring genetically identical and share susceptibility to disease

Which starchy staple is a tuberous root?

sweet potato and cassava

Which starchy staple is a corm?

taro

Grating and other methods of processing cassava are necessary to _____.

remove HCN

________, the main storage carbohydrate in Jerusalem artichokes is a polymer of fructose

Inulin

The success of the Green Revolution is dependent on using which of the following:

fertilizer, pesticides, high-yielding seeds, mechanised agriculture.

Which of the following is not an aim of the wheat breeding programs?

high lysine wheat

Which of the following lists contain cultivated varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea?

cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts, kale, lettuce

The small circular bits of DNA in bacteria that have been used as vectors to introduce genes in genetic engineering are called:

plasmids

A mass of actively dividing cells in tissue culture is called:

callus

Which of the following would be a strategy to stop genetic erosion?

collecting seeds of traditional varieties for storage in a seed bank

Identify the Andean crop with edible seeds and leaves that was known by the Incans as the “mother grain".”

quinoa

What fruit triggered the world’s most famous mutiny?

breadfruit

Approximately 60% of the U.S. soybean crop has been genetically engineered for:

herbicide resistance

A genetically engineered crop that is being developed too eliminate blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is:

golden rice

The tree tomato or ______ is known for its versatility-adding sugar makes it a dessert but the addition of vinegar or pepper makes it suitable for soups or stews.

tamarillo

Norman Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1970 for the work to develop ______.

high yielding varieties

______ is the practice of growing often a single variety of a crop year after year in a region.

Monoculture

Local varieties of a crop are known as _____ or traditional varieties.

land races

______ is the entire genetic information of an organism.

Germplasm

_______ agriculture is a mixed species system in which crops can be harvested without degradation of the environment.

Sustainable

Local varieties of a crop are known as ______ _________ or traditional varieties.

land races

_____ ______ is the loss of valuable genetic heritage due to the extinction of wild and traditional varieties

genetic erosion

Name three factors that have encouraged the widescale production of monoculture:

mechanisation, improved crop varieties, chemical fertilisers and pesticides

In ____ ______, a botanical Fort Knox, seeds of domesticated plants and their wild relatives are deposited as a resource for plant breeders

seed banks

Despite the fact that there are approximately 50,000 species of edible plants, just three crops, _____, _______, and _______, provide over 50% of the calories from plants in the human diet.

wheat, rice, corn

An alternative to the white potato, _____ is an Andean crop whose rhizomes resemble wrinkled carrots:

oca

_____ is a high protein seed crop that can be eaten whole or ground into flour; its use was banned by the Spanish conquistadors because of its association with religious practices of the Aztecs.

Amaranth

The introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis genes into crop plants transfers the ability to _____.

produce an insecticidal toxin

Why is herbicide resistance a major aim of the genetic engineering for crop plants?

Allows the farmer to control weeds without damaging the crop

The introduction of foreign genes into monocots is generally accomplished using _____.

DNA gene gun

What is the major environmental concern about developing transgenic plants with herbicide resistance?

Resistance will be passed on to weeds

Genetically engineered plants have been developed that can produce lauric acid, a fatty acid used in the manufacturing of _____.

soaps and/or detergents

The first genetically engineered crop that was marketed in the U.S. was a tomato modified for _____.

longer shelf life

For many genetically engineered crops a plasmid from the bacterium _____ has been used as a vector to transfer foreign genes into the crop.

abrobacterium tumefaciens

The widespread adoption of Bt corn is due to its ability to control a number of insect pests that attack corn, especially _______.

the European corn borer

In 1999 a group of scientists speculated that Bt corn might be a threat to the environment by harming populations of _____ found around cornfields.

monarch butterflies.

What will be one benefit of developing edible vaccines through genetic engineering?

no need for refrigeration, cheaper than conventional vaccines

A massive recall of food products that contained StarLink corn was triggered because it was thought that the ______ in this variety might be a possible food allergen

Bt toxin

Modern paper is mostly a mat of:

xylem cells

The gin step in cotton processing involves:

separating seeds from the lint

The world’s greatest quantity of stem fibre comes from this plant, the source of burlap:

jute

Microbial degradation of soft tissues to free the fibres in the processing of linen from flax is called:

retting

The primary source of the world’s non-naval string and rope is fiber from:

sisal

The ancient Egyptians utilised the ____ of the sedge papyrus in the making of pape

pith

The principal foal of processing wood for pulp in paper making is to:

dissolve away the lignin

Softwood is mostly:

tracheids

The long hairs of the cotton seeds are called:

lint

Cotton is actually:

seed hairs

The plant fibre highest in cellulose is:

cotton

A leaf fibre which is the source of the best naval rope and a brownish paper is obtained from:

musa

Fiber with a high _____ content in the cell walls in browner in colour and poorer in quality.

lignin

A durable wood useful for flooring, cabinets, furniture, and whiskey barrels is:

white oak

Producing a silkier cotton thread through alkaline baths is the process known as:

mercerization

Commercial sources of cork are from the bark of:

Quercus súber

Bamboo has traditionally been used for which of the following:

furniture, baskets, building materials, paper

A synthetic fibre made from dissolved cellulose is:

rayon

The first plant used in the Chinese invention of paper was:

mulberry tree

Which of the following writing surfaces is based on plant material?

papyrus, paper

Which of the following is a bark product?

cork, quinine, tannins

A thin sheet of a highly desired wood that is glued to a less expensive wood that is glued to a less expensive wood is termed a:

veneer

A soggy mass of xylem fibres is known as:

pulp

Which of the following is often used for furniture veneers?

mahogany

Which of the following represents a major source of lumber for home construction?

loblolly pine, slash pine, poderosa pine, Douglas-fir

Hard filers are

the veins of leaves

The boll of the cotton plant is actually:

a capsule

Which plant oil is the base for linoleum and oilcloths?

linseed

Which of the following is made from bast fibers?

linen

Botanically speaking wood is _____ tissue.

secondary xylem

The greatest diversity of bamboo species is found in _____.

China

The older, nonfunctional xylem of the trunk is _____, often darkened in colour.

heartwood

Name one plant that has been suggested as a source of pulp for paper production.

bamboo or kenaf