ANS 1319 - FINAL EXAM

1.1-5.5

3 methods of digestion

1. Mechanical forces - chewing

2. chemical action - HCI, pepsinogen

3. Enzymatic action - speeds up breakdown of cells

What uses do domesticated animals provide humans?

1. Food - milk, meat, animal fibers

2. Clothing - wool from sheep

3. Work/power - crop transportation, search/rescue, horseback

4. Therapy - equine therapy, service dogs, emotional for mental health

5. Conservation/Nutrient Recycling - feeds, defecation

6. Recreation/Sport - hunting, herding, rodeo, companionship

Veterinarian

Large animal (bigger demand, loan forgiveness program) or small animal

Highly competitive

Financial burden

Management & Business Jobs

1. Comp Info Systems = using technology to maintain environment in some of our housing

2. Food distribution = who manages the fleet, transportation, looking at demand/supply

3. Data science = tracking efficiency in production side

4. Human relations = hire employees like accountants

Science & Engineering Jobs

1. Food industry = creating/producing new products

2. Housing/Management = how are animal’s housed?

3. Animal health = vx’s, treatments, essential oils

Education, Communication, & Govt jobs

1. Advertising - creating magazines, catalogs, websites

2. Extension/Education

3. Editors/reporters = writes articles

4. Govt relations - a talk, a tour, looks at the science

Food/Biomaterials Production Jobs

1. Farmers

2. Ranchers

3. Feedlot workers

4. Slaughter technicians

Terminal

growth, towards a meat product

Maternal

for reproduction, offspring

Gestation

pregnancy/development of fetus

Lactation

milk production

Castration

Testes removal

Maintenance

homeostasis (not trying to lose or gain weight)

Finishing

prior to slaughter, growth/fat deposition

CAFO

confined animal feeding operation, provide feed to animals

Market

slaughter facility

Cattle

a bovine or group of bovine of any sex or age

Eructation

The process of removing methane gas from the rumen (fermentation process)

Absorption

Process of moving nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph systems through the mucosal lining (lining of GI tract) (mostly in SI)

Abomasum

The 4th compartment of the ruminant stomach, known as the “true stomach”

Estrus

the period of “standing heat” when a female is receptive to breeding

Reticulum

The ruminant compartment that moves ingested feed and has a honeycomb lining

Endocrine system

A system consisting of glands that produce hormones transported through the blood

Parietal cells

gastric glands that secrete HCI

Skeletal system functions

Posture, protection, support, strength, mineral storage, and blood cell production

Barrow

A castrated male swine

Parturition

The act of giving birth

4 main tissue types

1. Muscle - allow movement

2. Nervous - transmits info

3. Epithelial - covers internal/external

4. Connective - hold tissues tg

5. Fluid - in the body (blood)

3 Salivary Glands

1. Submaxillary

2. Sublingual

3. Parotids

3 regions of Monogastric Stomach

1. Cardiac (mucus)

2. Fundus (gastric secretions)

3. Pyloric (mucus)

Farrowing

Giving birth in swine

Polled

an animal that is naturally dehorned or born w/ out horns

Wether

a castrated male sheep/goat

Gilt

A young female porcine that has not given birth

Pullet

A young female chicken

Chief cells

gastric glands responsible for the production & secretion of pepsinogen

Domestication

the process of adapting animals to human interaction for management, care, and utilization

Freemartin

An infertile female twin calf born w/ a male twin

Proventriculus

stomach in avians, produces gastric juice (HCI & mucus)

Liver

accessory organ, produces bile, emulsifies lipids

3 Small Intestine Sections

1. Duodenum (enzymatic secretions)

2. Jejunum (absorption)

3. Ileum (absorption)

Carbohydrates

The main energy source for livestock, composed of carbon, H, and O2

Essential Amino Acids

amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the animal’s body in sufficient quantities & must be supplied in the diet

Hindgut Fermenter

An animal (horse or rabbit) that digests plant-based food mainly in the large intestine rather than the stomach

Cecum

A blind pouch at the junction of the small & large intestines where microbial fermentation of fiber occurs in hindgut fermenters

Genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism, representing its specific set of alleles

Phenotype

physical traits

Heterosis

hybrid vigor, superior performance by crossbred offspring compared to the average of the parent population

Heifer

A female bovine that doesn’t have a calf

Steer

a castrated male bovine

Bull

an intact male bovine

Mare

an adult female horse (over 4 yrs old)

Stallion

an adult intact male horse (over 4 yrs old)

Gelding

a castrated male horse

Foal

A young horse of either sex, under 1 yr old

Fat-soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

dissolved in fat

sources: yellow corn, green leafy hay, green pastures, fish oils, sunshine

Macrominerals

minerals required in larger amounts by animals

ex: Ca, Na, P, F, sulfur, magnesium, chloride

provided in diet

Microminerals

minerals required in smaller amounts

ex: Fe, Zn, Cu, iodine, cobalt, manganese, boron, molybdenum, fluorine, selenium

met through most feeds

Crossbreeding

mating animals of diff breeds

Roughages

feeds that contain more than 18% crude fiber

Concentrates

feed that contain less than 18% crude fiber

Criteria for High Energy Feeds

High starch, low fiber, highly digestible feeds

Greater than 70% TDN, less than 18% crude fiber, & less than 20% protein

Protein Supplements

feeds that contain 20% or more protein

Ca:P Ratio

1:1 to 2:1

Corn kernel components

Crown, pericarp, endosperm, germ, & tip cap

Simple carbs

sugars & starches that are easily digested

cereal grains like corns, oats, & barley

non-ruminants

Complex carbs

Cellulose & ligin (fiber components)

harder to digest

fermentation required for digestion

forages & roughages

ruminants

Energy value of fats & oils vs carbs

2.25 times more than carbs

Ruminant VFAS (wastes)

Acetate, Propionate, & Butyrate (provide energy for ruminant)

what microbes produce

Deamination

Process of removing amino group from an amino acid, typically when excess protein is fed. When removed, turns into ammonia, then urea, and urea is excreted

Urea

a synthetic nitrogen source that can be used by ruminant microbes

H2O % in animal bodies

40 to 80%

Vitamin A function

vision, reproductive health, & disease resistance

Vitamin D function

Bone development & mineral balance

Vitamin K function

blood clotting

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C & Vitamin B Complex

dissolved in water

are not stored in body

sources: c can be produced by body, green pastures, green leafy hay, cereal grains, b complex - produced by microbes

Catabolism

the metabolic breakdown of complex structures into simple structures

ex: protein (chicken nugget) —→ amino acids

Anabolism

the metabolic process of taking simple structures & building complex structures

ex: amino acids ——> tissue (muscle)

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)

A measure of the total amount of insoluble material in plants

Copper Toxicity

1. Sheep are highly susceptible to

2. Managed by molybdenum & sulfur antagonists

Ration

the amount of feed provided to an animal to meet its needs over a 24-hr period

Absorbed form of Carbs

Glucose, galactose, & fructose

Absorbed form of Lipids

Fatty acids & monoglycerides

Estrus Synchronization

Manipulating the estrous cycle of multiple females so they can be bred in a short period of time

Prostaglandin function

Regresses CL & induces estrus

Artificial Insemination Frequency in Turkeys

every 7 days once the hen reaches 28 weeks of age

Embryo Transfer Benefit

increases the # of offspring from genetically superior females

Candling

Illuminating the inside of an egg w/ a light source to evaluate development or impurities

ex: cracks

Poultry egg development duration

24-26 hours

Parturition Stages

1. Cervix dilation

2. Expulsion of Fetus

3. Expulsion of fetal membranes

Dystocia

difficulty giving birth

Colostrum

1st milk produced by dam, rich in antibodies, vitamins, and minerals

Seasonality trigger in breeders

Length of day (photoperiod) (amount of daylight)

Fertilization site in mammals

Oviduct

Gestation Length - Swine

114 days

Luteal Phase Main Hormone

Progesterone

Follicular Phase Main Hormone

Estrogen

Mammalian Uterus Structure

Y shaped, has 2 horns & a body

houses fetus & placental membranes

the “pregnancy organ”

Scrotum

saclike structure outside body cavity that houses & protects the testes

has muscles that maintain testes temp

Epididymis function

to store sperm cells as they mature

moved during ejaculation