GRAM POSITIVE COCCI

Normal Microbiota

• habitat of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• habitat: nasopharynx

S. saprophyticus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• habitat: genitourinary tract?

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• transmission: traumatic introduction

S. epidermidis

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• implantation of medical devices (shunts, prosthetic devices)

S. saprophyticus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• urinary tract exposure

S. saprophyticus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• young sexually active females

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• has enterotoxins (A-E, G-J)

TSST-1

• specific virulence factor of S. aureus

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• exfoliative toxin and cytolytic toxin

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• Hyaluronidase

Hyaluronidase

• aka spreading factor

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• protein A

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• skin and wound infections

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• folliculitis

• Furuncles

• Carbuncles

• Bullous impetigo

Scalded Skin Syndrome

• aka Ritters Disease

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• SSS

SSS

• occurs primarily in newborns and young children

• caused by exfoliative toxins

Toxic Shock Syndrome

• caused by S. aureus which is rare but fatal and associated with tampon use

True

T or F?

SSS: Exfoliative Toxin

TSS: TSST-1

Enterotoxin A, D, B

• toxins that causes S. aureus food poisoning

2-8 hours

• how long before symptoms appear in food poisoning caused by S. aureus

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• osteomyelitis

S. aureus

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• pyelonephritis

S. epidermidis

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• biofilm

S. epidermidis

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• healthcare acquired UTI

S. saropyhticus

• second most common cause of UTI

S. saprophyticus

• second most common cause of uncomplicated cystitis

S. epidermidis

S. aureus, S, epidermidis, or S. saprophyticus?

• has the same habitat and transmission with S. lugdunensis and S. haemolyticus

Micrococcus spp.

S. lugdunensis, S. haemolyticus, or Micrococcus spp?

• oropharynx

S. lugdunensis

S. lugdunensis, S. haemolyticus, or Micrococcus spp?

• aggressive endocarditis

S. lugdunensis

S. lugdunensis, S. haemolyticus, or Micrococcus spp?

• Septicemia and Meningitis

S. lugdunensis

S. haemolyticus

S. lugdunensis, S. haemolyticus, or Micrococcus spp?

• UTI

S. lugdunensis

S. lugdunensis, S. haemolyticus, or Micrococcus spp?

• vascular catheter infections

S. haemolyticus

S. lugdunensis, S. haemolyticus, or Micrococcus spp?

• wound, bone, and joint infections

Micrococcus spp.

S. lugdunensis, S. haemolyticus, or Micrococcus spp?

• contaminant

Micrococcus spp

S. lugdunensis, S. haemolyticus, or Micrococcus spp?

• in immunocompromised hosts (brain abscess, meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis)

S. pseudointermedius

• once known to as a common cause of pyoderma in dogs

• zoonotic transmission

• may cause endocarditis, surgical site infections, rhinosinusitis, and catheter-associated bacteremia in humans

Staphylococcus: fermentative

Micrococcus: oxidative

• O-F test results for Staphylococcus vs Micrococcus

Staphylococcus: negative

Micrococcus: positive

• modified oxidase result for Staphylococcus vs Micrococcus

Staphylococcus: Susceptible (+)

Micrococcus: Resistant (-)

• Lysostaphin/Furazolidone results in Staphylococcus and Micrococcus

Staphylococcus: Resistant

Micrococcus: Susceptible

• Bacitracin results in Staphylococcus and Micrococcus

S. saprophyticus

• only Staphylococcus specie that is resistant to Novobiocin

S. aureus

• only Staphylococcus specie that is positive to coagulase

S. lugdunensis

S. haemolyticus

• Staphylococcus species that are PYR positive

all

• Staphylococcus species that are postive on MSA

S. aureus

• Staphylococcal specie that is cream yellow, beta hemolytic on BAP

S. epidermidis

• Staphylococcal specie that has gray-white colonies that are nonhemolytic on BAP

S. lugdunensis

• Staphylococcal specie that is unpigmented or cream to yellow-orange colonies that may be beta-hemolytic on BAP

S. saprophyticus

• Staphylococcal specie that is usually white but colonies can be yellow or orange and nonhemolytic

S. haemolyticus

• Staphylococcal specie that is medium sized with moderate or weak hemolysis and variable pigmentation on BAP

mecA gene

• gene that mediates Methicillin-resistance

Cefoxitin

• used for detecting methicillin resistance

PCR

• gold standard for MRSA detection

S. aureus

S. epidermidis

S. saprophyticus

S. lugdunensis

S. haemolyticus

Micrococcus spp.

• catalase positive gram positive organisms list

Academic/Bergey’s

• classification for Catalase negative gram positive organisms that is based on temperature requirement

Smith and Brown’s

• classification for catalase negative gram positive organisms based on hemolytic patterns

Lancefield Classification

• catalase negative and gram positive organisms based on carbohydrate of the streptococcal wall

Pyogenic

S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae

Academic/Bergey’s classification

• grows at 37C

• examples?

Viridans

S. mutans and S. mitis

Academic/Bergey’s Classification

• grows at 45C and 37C

• examples?

Lactic

S. lactis

Academic/Bergey’s Classification

• grows at 10C and 37C

• examples?

Enterococcus

E. faecium and E. faecalis

Academic/Bergey’s Classification

• grows at 10C, 45C, and 37C

• examples

S. pneumoniae

Viridans spp.

Smith and Brown’s

• alpha-hemolytic?

S. pyogenes

S. agalactiae

Smith and Brown’s

• beta-hemolytic?

S. bovis/S. equinus

Enterococcus

Smith and Brown’s

• non-hemolytic or gamma-hemolytic

S. pyogenes

Lancefield

• Group A

S. agalactiae

Lancefield

• Group B

S. dysagalactiae

Lancefield

• Group C

Enterococcus

S. bovis

Lancefield

• Group D

Viridans

Lancefield

• varied

S. pneumoniae

Lancefield

• no group

S. pyoegenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• presence in specimens is almost always clinically significant

S. agalactiae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• habitat: female genital tract and lower GIT

S. pneumoniae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• habitat: nasopharynx

S. pyogenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• MOT: direct contact, coughs/sneezes

S. agalactiae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• MOT: vertical, nosocomial

S. pneumoniae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• MOT: contaminated respiratory secretions

S. pyogene

• has Protein M and Protein F

M Protein

• coded by emm gene

• more than 200 serotypes

• resists phagocytosis and play role on adherence

emm gene

• gene that codes for M protein

Streptolysin O (S. pyogenes)

• virulence factor of S. pyogenes that is oxygen-labile and immunogenic

Streptolysin S

• virulence factor of S. pyogenes that is oxygen stable and nonimmunogenic

S. pyogenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• DNase

S. pyogenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin)

S. pyogenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• pharyngitis and tonsilitis

S. pyogenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• pyodermal infections (nonbullous impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis)

S. pyogenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• Streptococcal TSS

S. pyogenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• Rheumatic fever and Syndeham chorea

• acute glomerulonephritis

S. agalactiae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• virulence factor: CAMP factor

S. agalactiae

S. pyogenes

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• virulence factor: Hyaluronidase

S. agalactiae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• leading cause of death in infants in the US

S. pneumoniae

S. agalactiae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• virulence factor: hemolysin

S. pneumoniae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• rusty sputum

S. pneumoniae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• IgA protease, neuraminidase, capsule

S. pneumoniae

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, or S. pneumoniae?

• otitis media, bacteremia, meningitis

Viridans streptococci

Viridans streptococci, Enterococcus spp, or S. bovis/equinus?

• GIT, female genital tract, oral cavity

Enterococcus spp.

Viridans streptococci, Enterococcus spp, or S. bovis/equinus?

• microbiota of humans, animals, and birds

S. bovis/equinus

Viridans streptococci, Enterococcus spp, or S. bovis/equinus?

• nasopharynx, GIT, genital tract

Enterococcus spp

Viridans streptococci, Enterococcus spp, or S. bovis/equinus?

• urologic manipulations, invasive procedures