Art and Design U1P1 History

Art and Design Unit 1 History before 1500- 1900 present

What is the significance of the "Bird Man" sculpture in Taíno art?

Symbolizes spiritual beliefs and interconnectedness

How did Indigenous art reflect Caribbean cultural identity?

Through symbolic motifs and representations of daily life

What materials were commonly used in Taíno art?

Wood, stone, bone, shell, and cotton

What is the significance of the Caurita Petroglyphs in Trinidad?

Largest documented rock art site in Trinidad

What periods are associated with the creation of rock art in the Caribbean?

Preceramic, Ceramic, and early historic period

Where are petroglyphs commonly found in the Caribbean?

Trinidad's Caurita Petroglyphs and other sites

What are petroglyphs?

Carved images on rock surfaces

What is a "Dügü" in Garifuna culture?

A sacred ritual to appease ancestors

What is the significance of Dangriga in Belize for the Garifuna people?

It is considered their spiritual capital

Where do the Garifuna primarily live today?

Along the Caribbean coasts of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua

Who are the Garifuna?

Descendants of African slaves and Arawak Indians

What is the significance of the Carib Territory in Dominica?

It preserves Kalinago cultural heritage and traditions

What was the primary impact of European colonization on the Kalinago?

Disease, displacement, and loss of traditional life

Who were the Kalinago?

Indigenous people of the Lesser Antilles

What was the purpose of Taíno "zemis"?

Ceremonial objects representing gods or ancestors

Why is the "myth of the Taíno extinction" inaccurate?

Evidence shows their descendants survived

What is the "myth of the Taíno extinction"?

Claims Taíno were completely wiped out after colonization

What role did women play in Taíno society?

They held authority and participated in ceremonies

What does the Taíno word "bohio" refer to?

A type of dwelling made of wood and thatch

What was the social structure of the Taíno society?

Divided into nobles (caciques) and commoners

What was the West Indies Federation?

A political union of British Caribbean colonies

Why did the West Indies Federation fail?

Due to internal political conflicts and Jamaica's withdrawal

Which Caribbean countries gained independence between 1962 and 1983?

Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Barbados, and others

What territories in the Caribbean remain British overseas territories today?

Montserrat, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands

Why did Anguilla separate from St. Kitts-Nevis in 1967?

Due to dissatisfaction with the federation

What was the significance of independence for Trinidad and Tobago?

Marked the beginning of self-governance

What are the origins of Carnival in the Caribbean?

Originated with Italian Catholics in Europe

How did Carnival evolve in the Caribbean?

It became a celebration of freedom and cultural expression

What is the significance of Crop Over in Barbados?

Celebration of the end of the sugar cane harvest

How did Crop Over change after 1974?

It became a major cultural festival

What is Jonkonnu, and where is it celebrated?

A traditional dance form in Jamaica

What does Jonkonnu combine in its performance?

African traditions with European influences

What is Mashramani, and how is it celebrated in Guyana?

Guyana’s Republic Day festival with parades

What is Hosay, and how is it observed in Trinidad and Tobago?

A religious ceremony by Shi’a Muslims

What are "tadjahs" in the context of Hosay?

Ornate replicas of mausoleums carried in processions

What is Ramleela, and what does it represent in Trinidad and Tobago?

A dramatization of the Hindu epic Ramayana

How does Ramleela culminate?

With the burning of an effigy of Rawana

What is Phagwa (Holi), and how is it celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago?

A Hindu spring festival involving colored powders

What does Phagwa symbolize?

Purification, renewal, and triumph of good over evil

What is the Big Drum Dance, and where is it performed?

A musical ritual on Carriacou in Grenada

What is the significance of the Big Drum Dance?

Honors ancestors and lineage during special occasions

How did African traditions influence Caribbean culture after emancipation?

Influenced music, dance, religion, and festivals

What role did Asian cultures play in shaping Caribbean traditions?

Contributed to festivals, culinary practices, and music

What is Kumina, and why is it significant in Jamaican culture?

An African religious expression that survived colonial influences

How have Indigenous traditions been retained in modern Caribbean culture?

Through art, festivals, and cultural symbols

What were the key events leading to Jamaica’s independence?

Withdrew from the West Indies Federation and declared independence

What were the economic challenges faced by Caribbean nations after independence?

Reliance on former colonial powers and limited land access

How did the sugar industry influence Barbados’s history and culture?

Shaped the economy and led to the Crop Over festival

What is the significance of Dangriga in Belize for the Garifuna people?

Spiritual capital with the largest Garifuna communities

How has Carnival evolved in Trinidad and Tobago?

From pre-Lenten celebrations to vibrant cultural expression

What role does music play in Caribbean cultural festivals?

Central to storytelling, cultural expression, and bonding

What is the significance of the steelpan in Trinidad and Tobago’s culture?

Symbol of creativity and resilience

How has calypso music contributed to social and political commentary in the Caribbean?

Critiques colonial rule and addresses social issues

What is the significance of Hosay’s “tadjahs” in Trinidad and Tobago?

Commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Hussein

What is the Mourning of Muharram, and how is it observed globally?

A ten-day period commemorating the Battle of Karbala

How does Ramleela reflect Hindu values in Trinidad and Tobago?

Teaches moral lessons through the story of Shree Ram

What is the spiritual significance of Phagwa (Holi)?

Symbolizes purification and the triumph of good over evil

How does Kumina connect Jamaicans to their African roots?

Preserves African languages, dances, and rituals

How did colonialism impact the development of cultural festivals in the Caribbean?

Suppressed traditions but introduced European customs

What was the role of indentureship in shaping Caribbean demographics?

Brought Indian and Chinese laborers to the Caribbean

How did resistance to colonial rule manifest in Caribbean art and culture?

Expressed through festivals, music, and art

What is the legacy of slavery and indentureship in the Caribbean today?

Cultural diversity and ongoing efforts to reclaim identities

How has the concept of creolization influenced Caribbean culture?

Blends African, European, Asian, and Indigenous traditions

What is colonialism?

Control by one power over another area

Which European powers colonized the Caribbean?

British, Danish, Dutch, French, Spanish

What developments in Europe facilitated exploration in the Americas?

Advances in navigation technology and Spanish unification

Who was Christopher Columbus?

An Italian explorer who sailed for Spain

What was the significance of Columbus's voyages?

Marked the beginning of European colonization

What were the consequences of Columbus’s arrival for the Taino people?

Exploitation and near extinction due to various factors

How did Spanish colonization affect Indigenous societies?

Introduced social hierarchies and forced labor systems

What role did plantation agriculture play in British colonization?

Relied on enslaved African labor for sugar production

How did French and Dutch colonization differ from Spanish and British approaches?

Focused on trade and smaller settlements

What was the Sugar Revolution, and when did it occur?

Transformed Caribbean economy in the 1640s–1650s

Which colonial powers dominated the Caribbean after the Sugar Revolution?

British, French, and Spanish

What was the transatlantic slave trade?

Forced transportation of 10–12 million Africans

What were some notable slave revolts in the Caribbean?

Tacky’s Rebellion, Haitian Revolution, Bussa’s Rebellion

What was the Haitian Revolution, and why was it significant?

Successful uprising leading to Haiti's independence

How did enslaved Africans resist slavery beyond rebellion?

Through work slowdowns, sabotage, and cultural preservation

What role did women play in resisting slavery?

Poisoning owners and organizing rebellions

When did the British slave trade officially end?

In 1807

When was slavery abolished in the British Caribbean?

On August 1, 1834

What was the apprenticeship system, and how long did it last?

Required work for former masters from 1834 to 1838

What challenges did freed Africans face after emancipation?

Limited access to land and low-paying jobs

What was the metayage system, and why did it decline?

Allowed sharecropping but declined due to sugar prices

How did emancipation lead to the rise of the peasantry in the Caribbean?

Emancipated Africans pooled resources to acquire land

What was indentureship, and why was it introduced in the Caribbean?

Laborers were brought to replace enslaved Africans

Which groups were brought to the Caribbean as indentured laborers?

East Indians, Chinese, Portuguese, Syrians

What were the living conditions like for Indian indentured laborers?

Overcrowded ships and harsh working conditions

How did Indian indentured laborers resist oppression?

By running away and organizing strikes

What long-term impacts did indentureship have on Caribbean society?

Diversified demographics and enriched cultural traditions

How did African traditions survive despite slavery?

Through music, dance, storytelling, and rituals

What is Kumina, and why is it significant in Jamaican culture?

A spiritual practice retaining Congo languages and rituals

What is Hosay, and how is it observed in Trinidad and Tobago?

A Shi’a Muslim commemoration with processions

What is Ramleela, and what does it represent?

A dramatization of the Hindu epic Ramayana

What is Phagwa (Holi), and how is it celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago?

A spring festival involving colored powders and singing

Who were Phillip Wickstead, Agostino Brunias, Isaac Mendes Belisario, and George Robertson?

Artists depicting colonial life in the Caribbean

What themes are common in colonial-era Caribbean art?

Themes of racial hierarchies and cultural retentions