Radiology lab HW

Identify parts of x-ray tube

A: rotating anode

B: cathode

C: filament (focusing cup)

D: focal spot

What is the "Heel effect" and how do you use it to your advantage

higher concentration of x-ray beam on cathode side. Put thicker end of animal on cathode side.

List components of x-ray machine

foot pedal

Bucky or film tray

control panel

generator

tube head

collimator

What is collimator and why is it important

Beam restricter controls size of primary beam and decreases scatter to patient and personel

what are the common loss of detail on a radiograph

patient movement and penumbra (using large focal spot, too long an object film distance)

Define milliamperage (mA)

quantity of electrons produced by the filament

define Kilovoltage (kVp)

voltage applied between the cathode and the anode. Increases the speed of thex-ray beam and gives it more penetrating power

define mAs

product of exposure time (s) and x-ray tube current (mA)

define exposure time (ms)

duration of the exposure, Longer exposure times will produce more x-rays

what is scatter radiation and what are ways to reduce it

lower energy radiation that is produced by interaction with objects in path of primary beam redirected and scatter all direction up to 6 ft. collimation and grid reduce scatter

what is source image distance

distance from the tube to the film tray or cassette

how do you choose what mA and time setting to use for exposure

choose the fastest time setting and highest mA station

List anatomical position terminology

A: cranial

B: caudal

C: ventral

D: dorsal

E: rostral

F: proximal

G: distal

H: palmar

I: plantar

describe how to check if an animal is in true straight lateral recumbancy

palpate spine and sternum should be parallel. can correct rotation with sponge

landmarks of collimation for a lateral thorax view

thoracic inlet and 13th rib (L1)

landmark of collimation for lateral abdominal view

diaphram to greater trochanter

landmarks of collimation for VD thorax

thoracic inlet and 13th rib (L1)

landmarks of collimation for VD abdomen

diaphram to greater trochanter

abdominal radiograph is taken at maximum __________

expiration

thoracic radiograph is taken at maximum __________

inspiration

proper storage and handling of x-ray film

unopened- film upright in cool dry area

opened film-light proof box and handled with dry hands

describe proper layout for a darkroom

There must be a dry work area for loading and unloading cassettes. A light proof film bin for openfilm boxe storage. There must be separate wet work area for processing films. It must haveadequate ventilation to keep the chemical fumes from accumulating. It must have a red filtersafety light that is at least 4 feet away from the film working area

List methods of identifying x-ray film

Graphite Tape, Light film flasher, lead letters

what information is needed to be included on film label

clinic name and address

medical reccord number

date film is taken

patient and clients name

what is safe light color for different film types

dark red filter

what is ALARA

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

list the basic steps of film processing

Developing

Rinsing or stop bath

Fixing

Washing

Drying

list organ systems most sensitive to radiation exposure

thyroid, lens of eye, gonads, bone marrow, lymphatics

List the five radiographic densities as discussed in lecture.

Air, fat, water( or muscle), bone, metal( or barium)

Compare and contrast OFA vs Penn Hip views

OFA one view pen 3 view

Describe proper positioning for lateral stifle

Affected limb on table

Describe positioning for OFA pelvis view. How many views submitted

One view submitted

Explain the difference in positioning for a joint and long bone view

1/3 of surrounding anatomy

What are different views for an elbow radiograph

Straight lateral, flexed lateral, and craniocaudal

What is proper view for OFA certification elbows

flexed lateral

Describe the positioning of lateral pelvis

Place the animal in lateral recumbency with the affected leg down. Place a foam wedge between the hind limbs so that the pelvis is superimposed. Scissor the limbs so that the limb closest to the cassette is cranial and the contralateral limb is pulled caudally to differentiate the femurs.

In lateral pelvis view, which limb is magnified and why

Upper limb Closer to tube head

What are the routine views of shoulder

Lateral and caudocranial

What recumbency is the animal in for shoulder views

dorsal

What are the routine views for the humerus

lateral and caudocranial

What recumbency is the animal in for the humerus

Dorsal

What are the routine views for the elbow, radius and/or ulna

Lateral and craniocaudal

What recumbency is the animal in for the elbow, radius and/or ulna

Sternal

What are routine views for the carpus, metacarpus and/or digits

Lateral and dorsopalmar

What recumbency is the animal in for views of the carpus, metacarpus and/or digits

Sternal

Ideally, where should the label be placed on the radiograph in both sets of views

Cranial for lateral

laterally for perpendicular

What do you include when collimating for a view of a joint

1/3 of proximal and distal bones

What do you include when collimating for a view of the long bones

Joints proximal and distal on collimation

Explain the difference between positive and negative contrast

Positive- Radiopaque - appears white in radiograph

Negative- Radiolucent - appears black on radiograph

1 multiple choice option

Describe patient preparation before a contrast study

animal should be fasted 12-24 hours. Enema 4 hours prior to genitourinary contrast study

List 6 common contrast procedures and the correct contrast to use each study

Cytourethrogram- iodinated contrast

Myelograms- non-iodinated contrast

Esophogram- barium paste

Excretory urogram- iodinated contrast

Gastrogram, GI series- barium

Pneumocolon- air

Fistulogram- iodinated contrast

Pneumocystogram- iodinated contrast and air

Describe the steps to perform an upper gastrointestinal study

animal is fasted, scout views prior to contrast admin, use gastric tube. Give 50% diluted barium water mix. use 5-8ml/lb as bolus to give directly in stomach. Use timer take r and l lat and VD immediately, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min then hourly until barium enters colon

List common contrasts agents and the preferred route of admin

Barium sulfate- orally or rectally

Ionic contrast- IV, orally, urinary studies, fistulous tracts

Non-ionic contrasts- same as ionic but can also used for myelograms