AP Human

Longitude

The angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Latitude

The angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point north or south of the Equator.

Absolute Location

The exact position of a place on the Earth's surface expressed in terms of latitude and longitude.

Site

The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location and physical setting.

Situation

The external locational attributes of a place; its relative location with reference to other places.

Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to other locations, which can change over time.

Mental Map

A map created from memory and personal experiences.

Cartographer

A person who creates maps; the science of map-making.

Projection

The method of transferring the locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.

Sense of Place

A state of mind derived from infusing a place with meaning and emotion through experiences.

Spatial Perspective

Observing variations in geographic phenomena and understanding relationships across space.

Scale

The representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births per 1,000 population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 population.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Calculated as CBR minus CDR.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants within the first year of life per 1,000 live births.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.

Malthus' Theory

The theory that population grows geometrically while food supply increases arithmetically, leading to potential overpopulation.

Eugenic Policies

Population policies that favor one racial or cultural group.

Internal Migration

Movement of people within a country.

Contagious Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait or innovation through direct contact.

Acculturation

The process of adapting to a new culture while retaining some original cultural traits.

Pidgin Language

A simplified mixture of two or more languages with limited grammar.

Creole Language

A pidgin that has developed into a fully functional and complex language.

Lingua Franca

A language used for trade and communication between speakers of different languages.

Standard Language

The form of a language that is accepted as the norm in education, government, and other official settings.

Official Language

A language designated by law to be used in the government and official communications.