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Define ventilation
breathing: consists of inspiration and expiration
define external respiration
process of gas exchange that occurs in the lungs
define internal respiration
gas exchange b/w blood and tissues
define cellular respiration
metabolic processes in which ATP is produced
Distinguish between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory system. Anatomically, what is the first structure in the respiratory zone?
conducting zone: all of the respiratory passageways from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles
conduits for air to reach gas exch sites
cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air
respiratory zone: actual site of gas exchange
composed of the respiratory bronchioles (first structure in the respiratory zone), alveolar ducts, and alveoli
What are the functions of the larynx? What structural features support these functions?
function:
provide a patent/open airway
acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
voice production (houses vocal cords)
structural features:
arytenoid cartilages anchor the vocal folds
the epiglottis tips to cover the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to switch from air route to food route
vocal ligaments attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage and form the true vocal cords
the glottis includes the medial opening between the vocal folds, which allows air to pass through
vestibular folds help to close the glottis when we swallow
epithelium of the larynx is lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium that contacts food
below the vocal folds is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar type that filters dust, moving mucus away from the lungs
Describe the general location and function of thyroid cartilage
location:
anterior midline of the neck
formed by the fusion of two cartilage plates at the midline
function: protect and support the vocal cords
Describe the general location and function of cricoid cartilage
location:
inferior to the thyroid cartilage; perched atop and anchored to the trachea inferiorly
ring shaped
function:
maintains airway patency
Describe the general location and function of epiglottis
location:
composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a taste bud-containing mucosa
extends from the posterior aspect of the tongue to its anchoring point on the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage
function:
"guards" the airways
during swallowing, the epiglottis tips to cover the laryngeal inlet
Describe the general location and function of glottis
location:
vocal cords the medial opening b/w them through which air passes
function:
opens into the windpipe and is responsible for the production of sound
Describe the general location and function of arytenoid cartilage
location:
posterior side of the larynx and inferior to the corniculate cartilage
function:
anchors the vocal folds.
Describe the general location and function of vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
location:
superior to the vocal folds
pair of mucosal folds
function:
no direct part in sound production but help close the glottis when swallowing
Describe the general location and function of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
location:
vocal ligaments (composed of elastic fibers) lie under the laryngeal mucosa on each side
form the core of the mucosal folds
appear pearly white b/c lacking blood vessels
function:
vibrate to produce sound as air rushed up from the lungs
Of what type of cartilage are the thyroid cartilages composed?
hyaline cartilage
Identify the structures comprising the upper respiratory system.
external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
What are the general functions of the nostrils and nasal cavity? What structural features support these functions?
functions:
produces mucus
filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; also reclaims heat and moisture during exhalation
movement of mucosa for swallowing and digestion
resonance chamber for speech
receptors for sense of smell
structure:
the nasal septum divides the nasal cavity; formed anteriorly by the septal cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
the olfactory mucosa lines the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity and contains smell receptors in the olfactory epithelium
seromucous nasal glands contain mucus-secreting mucous cells and serous cells that secrete a watery fluid containing enzymes w/ lysozyme and defensins
nasal conchae increase mucosal surface area exposed to air and enhance air turbulence in the cavity - deflecting heavier, nongaseous particles onto the mucus-coated surfaces, where they're trapped
Name and describe the location of the three levels of the pharynx. How does the epithelial lining change from one level of the pharynx to another? How does the change in epithelium support the function of each level of the pharynx?
nasopharynx
most superior
posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid, superior to the level of soft palate
serves only as an air passageway
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium propels mucus where the nasal mucosa leaves off
oropharynx
posterior to the oral cavity; continuous w/ it via isthmus of fauces
both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it
stratified squamous epithelium that accommodates increased friction and chemical trauma
laryngopharynx
directly posterior to the larynx, where respiratory and digestive pathways diverge, extending to inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage
continuous w/ the esophagus posteriorly
passageway for food and air
stratified squamous epithelium
Identify and describe the three layers of the tracheal wall.
mucosa
goblet cell-containing pseudostratified epithelium that propels debris-laden mucus to the pharynx
epithelium rests on lamina propria w/ rich elastic fiber supply
submucosa
CT layer deep to the mucosa