exam 4

Patrice Lumumba

The democratically elected prime minister of the Congo whose assassination in 1961, following the Congo's independence in 1960, was a decisive event for many northern urban black militants and radicals whose political consciousness was shaped by the decolonization of Africa. Malcolm X repeatedly raised the issue of American involvement in his assassination.

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Also known as "Zik," he studied at Lincoln University and the University of Pennsylvania and had Kwame Nkrumah as a student while teaching in Ghana. He became Nigeria's president in 1963 and is considered the father of Nigerian nationalism, known as a pragmatic leader and unifier

Gilberto Freyre

A sociologist who, in the 1930s, argued that Brazil was a racial democracy due to its large African-descended population and extensive racial miscegenation, claiming race was not an impediment to the individual

Abdia Nascimento

Directed the Teatro Experimental do Negro, created in 1944 in Brazil as a cultural response to the deficiencies faced by Brazilians of African descent.

Frantz Fanon

A psychiatrist and participant in the struggle against the French in Algeria. His 1963 publication, The Wretched of the Earth, helped popularize the Algerian Revolution throughout the African Diaspora, establishing it as a model for subsequent revolts

Harry Haywood

A leading activist and international figure in the Communist Party who wrote Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist. He was among the black intellectuals who visited the Soviet Union, seeing it as an alternative model to Western racism

National Negro Congress

was established, in 1936, to "secure the right of the Negro people to be free from Jim Crowism, segregation, discrimination, lynching, and mob violence" and "to promote the spirit of unity and cooperation between Negro and white people." It was conceived as a national coalition of church, labor, and civil rights organizations that would coordinate protest action in the face of deteriorating economic conditions for Blacks

Organization of African Unity

The Organization of Afro-American Unity was created in imitation of this organization

Organization of Afro American Unity

A secular organization founded by Malcolm X with an agenda for liberation that sought to address local conditions within an internationalist framework. It was created in imitation of the Organization of African Unity.

Kwame Nkrumah

he first head of state of Ghana, which was the first Sub-Saharan African country to gain independence in 1957.

Algeria

Gained independence in 1962. Malcolm X described under French occupation as a police state

Haile Selassie

The Ethiopian emperor who warned the world about "appeasement" when Benito Mussolini invaded Ethiopia

Benito Mussolini

Gained power in Italy and instituted fascism, invading Ethiopia to restore the glories of the Roman empire

Double V Campaign

A campaign during World War II was a movement during World War II that advocated for dual victories: one over fascism abroad and the other over racial discrimination at home. Launched by the Pittsburgh Courier, this campaign aimed to address the systemic racism and segregation

Bandung Conference

in 1955 where African and Asian countries discussed whether to ally with the US, the Soviet Union, or remain neutral during the Cold War.

March on Washington Movement

Led by Asa Philip Randolph, it aimed to end discrimination in jobs and the armed forces through the threat of a march in Washington D.C

Executive Order 8802

Passed by FDR in 1941, it desegregated military industries 2, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in June 1941, prohibited discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, or national origin in defense industries and government contracts. The order also established the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to enforce these new non-discrimination policies. 

Executive Order 9981

ssued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948, was a landmark decision that desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces. It abolished discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin, laying the groundwork for a more inclusive military and contributing to the broader civil rights movement. 

(Land and Freedom Army) Mau Mau:

Associated with Kenya, which gained independence in 1963 , was a Kenyan nationalist and guerrilla movement that fought against British colonial rule in Kenya during the Mau Mau rebellion (1952-1960). It was primarily composed of Kikuyu people and other ethnic groups who sought to regain their land and achieve independence from British rule. 

Pan African Congress of 1945

significant event in the movement for African independence. The Final Resolution of the Fifth Pan-African Congress in 1945 declared a determination to be free and have rights such as education, decent living, and freedom of expression.

Nonalignment

The option discussed by African and Asian countries at the Bandung Conference to remain neutral during the Cold War, rather than allying with the US or the Soviet Union.

Neocolonialism

The concept of a nation that is outwardly independent and sovereign but is politically and economically dependent on and controlled from the outside. This can involve debt from international financial institutions and the influence of multinational companies; some African countries also use European money and militarie