Arteries and Veins PPT

Cisterna Chyli

drains lymph from lower limbs, intestines, right and left lumbar trunks, intestineal trunk

Two major lymph vessels in the body

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

right subclavian vein

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

the junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

How many lymph nodes are in the body?

600-700

what system are lymph nodes a part of?

immune system

Where are most lymph nodes found?

in the abdomen

What other regions have numerous lymph nodes?

head and neck + axillary and inguinal regions

What do lymphatic ducts collect?

toxins, dead cells, extra/extracellular fluid, fat

How are the toxins, dead cells, and extra fluid returned to venous system?

via asymmetrical lymphatic vessels to the right and left angles. (Intersection of subclavian and internal jugular veins)

What is the most serious complication of DVT?

Pulmonary Embolism

How is a pulmonary embolism caused?

a blood clot breaks off and travels through the blood stream to the lungs leading to a pulmonary embolism

What are the warning signs of pulmonary embolism?

shortness of breath, chest discomfort, and general sense of anxiety

What is deep vein thrombosis?

a blood clot in a deep vein, such as popliteal vein

What are the symptoms of DVT?

nonspecific pain, swelling, engorgement of superficial veins

What are major risk factors for DVT?

old age, recent orthopedic surgery

Deep veins are almost always accompanied by what?

an artery

\-----------veins are close to the body’s surface

superficial

What are three deep veins in the upper limb?

brachial, axillary, and subclavian

What are five deep veins in the lower limb?

femoral, deep femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial veins

What are two major superficial veins of the leg?

1. Great Saphenous Vein
2. Small Saphenous Vein

Where does great saphenous vein empty into?

femoral vein

Where does small saphenous vein empty in?

popliteal vein

What happens if there is a tumor in the cavernous sinus?

tumors in the cavernous sinus that can adversely affect the cranial nerves that travel through the sinus

What cranial nerves go through the cavernous sinus?

Oculomotor, Trochlear, Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Abducens

What artery is closely related to/runs through cavernous sinus?

Internal Carotid Artery

What are the seven dural sinuses?

1. Sphenoparietal sinus
2. Cavernous sinus
3. Superior Petrosal Sinus
4. Inferior Petrosal Sinus
5. Right transverse Sinus
6. Sigmoid Sinus
7. Basilar venous plexus/sinus

Where do all dural sinuses drain into?

internal jugular vein

What are sinuses?

the veins that drain the brain

What are the seven sagittal sinuses in the head?

1. Superior sagittal sinus
2. Inferior sagittal sinus
3. Straight Sinus
4. Transverse Sinus
5. Confluence of sinuses
6. Sigmoid Sinus
7. Occipital Sinus

What are the arteries that make up the circle of Willis?

1. Anterior Cerebral
2. Anterior communicating artery
3. Posterior Cerebral
4. Posterior communicating
5. Internal Carotids

What two important arteries does the arterial circle arise from?

1. Internal Carotid
2. Vertebral artery

What is the clinical significance of a DVT?

It can result in a pulmonary embolism if the blood clot breaks off and travels up the inferior vena cava and creates a blockage in the pulmonary trunk

What are the various derivants of the popliteal artery?

1. Fibular nerve
2. Tibial-fibular trunk
3. Anterior Tibial
4. Posterior Tibial

What gives rise to dorsalis pedis artery?

Anterior tibial

What artery gives rise to fibular artery?

posterior tibial

What are the components of the popliteal fossa?

1. Soleus Muscle
2. Plantaris Muscle
3. Popliteal Artery & Vein
4. Tibial Nerve

Where does popliteal artery run?

between the two heads of the gastrocnemius

What gives rise to tibial arteries?

popliteal artery

What does femoral artery become past the adductor hiatus?

popliteal artery

What artery supplies the head and neck of femur?

medial circumflex femoral artery

What is the clinical significance of medial circumflex femoral artery?

femoral neck fracture leads to damage of this artery & results in avascular necrosis of the femoral head

What are the branches of the deep femoral artery?

medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

Where does the medial circumflex femoral artery pass?

passes posteriorly to the femur

Where does the lateral circumflex artery pass?

passes anteriorly the femur

What are the muscles of the thigh supplied by?

the branches of femoral artery or the deep femoral artery

List the femoral triangle from lateral to medial:

femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein

What are the paired branches of abdominal aorta?

Renal and Gonadal arteries

What are the two key branches of the descending aorta?

1. Bronchial arteries
2. Phrenic arteries

Extra: Posterior Intercostal Arteries too!!

What do the bronchial arteries do?

supply oxygenated blood to the lungs

What do phrenic arteries supply?

diaphragm

How many branches of the diaphragm are unpaired? What do they supply?

3 of branches are unpaired and supply the digestive system

What are the superficial veins of the arm & forearm?

1. Basilic vein
2. Cephalic vein
3. Antecubital vein

What is another name for antecubital vein?

median cubital vein

What is the antecubital vein used for?

used to obtain blood or administer IV fluids

What is the superficial palmar arch made of?

ulnar artery & superficial branches of the radial artery

Where do the 3 common palmar digital arteries originate from?

superficial palmar arch

In the hand, the radial artery forms what?

deep palmar arch

What is an anastomosis?

connections between vessels

What are physiologic anastomoses?

1. Superficial Palmar Arch
2. Deep Palmar Arch
3. Circle of Willis
4. Anterior Interventricular artery
5. Posterior Interventricular artery

What are pathologic anastomoses?

“Fistulas”

Basilic-Brachial arteriovenous anastomosis

Where is the brachial artery located?

cubital fossa

After passing which muscle, does axillary artery become brachial artery?

teres major

What artery pierces the triceps and travels with the radial nerve?

deep brachial artery

What area of the arm does brachial artery branch out into deep artery?

shoulder area

what are the two major branches of the brachial artery?

radial & ulnar arteries

What do anterior & posterior humeral circumflex arteries wrap around?

surgical neck of the humerus

What artery runs with the axillary artery in the quadrangular space?

posterior humeral circumflex artery

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

1. Supreme Thoracic
2. Thoracoacromial
3. Lateral Thoracic
4. Anterior Humeral Circumflex
5. Posterior Humeral Circumflex
6. Subscapular

What nerve does the lateral-thoracic branch of the axillary artery run with?

long thoracic nerve

What is the terminal branch of the subscapular branch of the axillary artery?

thoracodorsal artery- supplying latissimus dorsi

What are the branches of the thoracodorsal branch of the axillary nerve?

1. Clavicular
2. Acromial
3. Deltoid
4. Pectoral

What muscle divides the axillary artery into three parts?

pectoralis minor

How many branches does the first part of axillary artery have?

1 branch

Where is the first part of the axillary nerve located?

Medial part of pectoralis minor & lateral part of first rib

How many branches does the second part of the axillary artery have?

2 branches

Where is the second part of axillary artery located?

posterior to pectoralis minor

How many branches does the third part of the axillary artery have?

3 branches

Where is the third part of the axillary artery located?

from the lateral part of pec. minor to inferior border of teres major

What is the upper limit of axillary artery?

First rib

What is the lower limit of axillary artery?

inferior border of teres major

What are the veins of the thorax?

1. Azygos Vein
2. Hemiazygos Vein
3. Accessory Hemiazygos Vein

What are the potential causes of epidural hematoma above the dura mater?

auto-accidents or sports injuries involving middle meningeal artery compression

What is the emergency treatment for an epidural hematoma?

decompression of the hematoma

What does middle meningeal artery?

supplies most of the dura & calvaria

Where is the middle meningeal artery found?

in the infratemporal fossa between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve

What are the three important branches of the maxillary nerve?

1. Middle Meningeal artery
2. Sphenopalatine artery
3. Inferior Alveolar artery

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

1. Superior Thyroid
2. Ascending Pharyngeal
3. Lingual
4. Facial
5. Occipital
6. Posterior Auricular
7. Maxillary
8. Superficial Temporal

To where does the external carotid artery give off branches?

neck, face, thyroid, pharynx, and side of head

Where does internal carotid artery enter the skull?

via the carotid canal

Does internal carotid artery give off branches in the neck?

NOOOOO

What is the most important branch of thyrocervical trunk?

inferior thyroid artery

What does the inferior thyroid artery supply?

thyroid gland and larynx

What are the three branches of thyrocervical trunk?

1. Transverse Cervical
2. Suprascapular
3. Inferior Thyroid

What does the internal carotid artery(mammary) supply?

anterior chest wall & breasts

What vessel is the gold standard for CABG surgery?

internal thoracic artery

Where does the vertebral artery pass through?

transverse foramen

What are the branches of the subclavian artery?

1. Vertebral artery
2. Thyrocervical trunk
3. Internal Thoracic Artery

What are the branches of the aorta?

1. Brachiocephalic trunk
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery