Ch. 46 Sexually Transmitted Infections-1

What causes Condyloma Acuminata?

Anogenital warts caused by HPV.

Note: Warts on private parts caused by a virus called HPV.

What are common symptoms of Condyloma Acuminata?

Usually asymptomatic.

Note: Most of the time, they don’t cause any problems.

What are other symptoms of Condyloma Acuminata?

May cause bleeding, pruritus, and pain.

Note: Sometimes the warts itch, bleed, or hurt.

How is Condyloma Acuminata treated?

Topical therapies, cryotherapy, and surgical excision.

Note: Warts can be treated with creams, freezing, or cutting them off.

Is Condyloma Acuminata curable?

Yes, it is curable.

Note: The treatment can remove warts completely.

What type of virus is HPV?

Non-enveloped, DNA virus with more than 100 subtypes.

Note: HPV is a DNA virus with many different versions.

Which HPV subtypes are low-risk?

Subtypes 6 and 11.

Note: These types usually only cause warts.

What do low-risk HPV subtypes cause?

Condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions.

Note: Warts and minor changes in cells that rarely turn into cancer.

Which HPV subtypes are high-risk?

Subtypes 16 and 18.

Note: These are more dangerous types of HPV.

What do high-risk HPV subtypes cause?

High-grade intraepithelial lesions that progress to malignancies.

Note: Can lead to serious precancer and cancer.

Can HPV alone cause cancer?

No, it requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light, immunosuppression, and pregnancy.

Note: HPV needs extra “help” from things like smoking or weak immunity to cause cancer.

How is HPV prevented?

Two doses of vaccination starting at ages 11-12 and finishing before 15.

Note: Shots at 11-12 years old protect against HPV and warts.

What causes genital herpes?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2).

Note: Virus that causes cold sores or genital sores.

What is characteristic of genital herpes?

Lifelong infection and periodic reactivation.

Note: Once you get it, it stays in your body and sometimes flares up.

How is genital herpes transmitted?

Primary mode is direct contact.

Note: You catch it by touching an infected area.

Can genital herpes be transmitted without symptoms?

Yes, by people who shed HSV asymptomatically.

Note: Even if someone has no sores, they can spread it.

What are genital herpes outbreaks like?

Single or clustered vesicles on genitalia, perineum, buttocks, thighs, or perianal areas that ulcerate before resolving.

Note: Blisters appear, break open, and then heal.

What symptoms may accompany primary genital herpes infection?

Malaise, fever, or localized adenopathy.

Note: First time you get it, you might feel sick or have swollen glands.

How is genital herpes treated?

Antiviral medication.

Note: Medicine can control outbreaks but doesn’t cure it.

What is a complication of HSV-2?

Increases the likelihood of developing HIV by three times.

Note: Having genital herpes makes it easier to get HIV.

What is another name for Molluscum Contagiosum?

Water warts.

Note: Small bumps on the skin like tiny water bubbles.

What causes Molluscum Contagiosum?

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV).

Note: A virus that makes little bumps on the skin.

How do Molluscum Contagiosum lesions appear?

Dome-shaped, round, and pinkish-purple.

Note: Little round bumps that stick out a bit.

How far does Molluscum Contagiosum infection spread?

Infects only keratinocytes; limited to epidermis.

Note: The bumps stay on the skin and don’t go inside your body.

What causes chancroid?

Hemophilus ducreyi bacterium.

Note: A germ that makes very painful genital sores.

What is the key manifestation of chancroid?

Extremely painful ulcer with soft irregular margins (soft chancre).

Note: A sore that really hurts and has soft, uneven edges.

What is an associated finding with chancroid?

Tender, often unilateral, regional lymphadenopathy.

Note: Swollen, sore lymph nodes usually on one side.

What causes granuloma inguinale?

Klebsiella granulomatis.

Note: A germ causing red, ulcer-like growths in genital area.

How is granuloma inguinale diagnosed?

Identification of Donovan bodies in tissue smears, biopsy samples, or culture.

Note: Doctors look under a microscope to find tiny germs.

How do granuloma inguinale lesions appear?

Start as painless papule/nodule; become "beefy-red" and ulcerative after trauma.

Note: Starts as bump, turns red, bleeds if hurt.

What causes Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)?

Chlamydia trachomatis affecting lymphatic system.

Note: A chlamydia infection that goes to lymph nodes.

What is the LGV secondary stage manifestation?

Unilateral or bilateral tender inguinal/femoral lymphadenopathy (buboes).

Note: Painful lumps in the groin, one or both sides.

What are other names for candidiasis?

Candidosis, moniliasis, thrush.

Note: Yeast infection in vagina or mouth.

What causes candidiasis?

Candida, most commonly Candida Albicans.

Note: Yeast that grows too much when body balance is off.

What are vaginal symptoms of candidiasis?

Genital itching and burning.

Note: Itchy, sore private parts.

What is the discharge like in vaginal candidiasis?

White "cottage cheese-like" discharge.

Note: Thick white stuff from the vagina.

What is thrush?

Candidiasis affecting the mouth.

Note: White patches in mouth from yeast.

How does thrush appear?

White patches on tongue, throat, and other mouth areas.

Note: Creamy white spots inside the mouth.

What type of infection is Trichomonas Vaginalis?

Protozoal infection.

Note: Tiny one-celled germ that infects vagina.

What are manifestations of Trichomonas Vaginalis in women?

Foul-smelling yellow or green vaginal discharge.

Note: Smelly green or yellow vaginal fluid.

What other symptoms can Trichomonas Vaginalis cause?

Dyspareunia, urinary frequency, dysuria, vulvar pruritus.

Note: Painful sex, peeing often, itchy private parts.

Is bacterial vaginosis an STI?

No.

Note: It’s caused by bacterial imbalance, not sex.

How does bacterial vaginosis present?

Vaginal discharge with fish-like odor, thin, gray or white.

Note: Vaginal fluid smells fishy and looks thin and gray or white.

What is the ranking of Chlamydia trachomatis among bacterial STIs?

Most commonly reported bacterial STI.

Note: Chlamydia is the number one bacterial STI in the world.

What is the major global impact of Chlamydia trachomatis?

Leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide.

Note: If it infects eyes, it can cause blindness.

What are complications of Chlamydia trachomatis?

Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, cervical cancer.

Note: Can make it hard to have babies or dangerous pregnancies.

What is the ranking of gonorrhea among bacterial STIs?

Second most common bacterial STI worldwide.

Note: Gonorrhea is #2 bacterial STI.

How often do females with gonorrhea show symptoms?

50\% do not show symptoms.

Note: Half of women won’t notice they have it.

How often do males with gonorrhea show symptoms?

90\% will show symptoms (e.g., penile pus).

Note: Most men notice because of pus.

What are gonorrhea complications in females?

Ectopic pregnancy, endometritis, PID, infertility.

Note: Can block tubes, cause dangerous pregnancies, or make it hard to have babies.

What causes syphilis?

Treponema pallidum.

Note: Spiral-shaped germ infecting the whole body.

What is the primary syphilis manifestation?

Painless, indurated ulcer (chancre).

Note: A sore appears but doesn’t hurt.

What are secondary syphilis manifestations?

Condyloma lata, alopecia, mucous patches, palmar or truncal rash.

Note: Rash, hair loss, warts appear all over and are contagious.

What characterizes latent syphilis?

Positive serologic tests but no symptoms.

Note: Blood test shows infection but no signs yet.

What are tertiary syphilis manifestations?

Cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis, gummatous syphilis.

Note: Germ can damage heart, brain, or make destructive lumps anywhere.

What are congenital syphilis manifestations?

Saddle nose, saber shins, Hutchinson’s teeth.

Note: Babies can be born with nose, leg, and teeth deformities.

What type of virus is Zika and how is it transmitted?

Mosquito-borne virus; also sexual contact.

Note: Virus from mosquitoes or sex.

How is Zika managed?

No antiviral treatments; focus on water, rest, treating pain/fever.

Note: No cure; rest, drink fluids, and treat aches/fever.