FLASHCARDS Chapter 24: An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism (1894-1914)

Compilation of flashcards discussing various events and people and dates for this chapter

Birth of Tragedy (1872)

by Frierich Nietzche in which he urged that the nonrational aspects of human nature are as important and noble as the rational characteristic.

Otto Von Bismarck

Removed the clergy from overseeing local education in Prussia and set education under state direction. Arrested or expelled all Catholic bishops from Prussia. He develop Kulturkampf against the catholic church and failed.

Aguste Comte

developed positivism and write "The Positive Philosophy" he argued that human thought had developed in three stages: theological which the physical nature was explained in terms of the action of divinities or spirits, metaphysical, abstract principles were regarded as the operative agencies of nature. Positive stage, explanations of nature became matters of exact description of phenomena, without recourse to an unobservant operative principle

Contagious Diseases Acts (1864-1886)

English prostitutes were subjected to this. It would require any woman identified as, or suspected of being, a prostitute to undergo an immediate internal medical examination for venereal disease. The purpose of the laws was to protect men, presumably sailors and soldiers, ans not the women themselves, from infection. It assumed that women were inferior to men and treated them as less than rational human beings.

Charles Darwin

published "On the Origin of Species" formulate the principle of natural selection, which explained how species had changed or evolved over time. He believe that more living organisms come into existence that can survive int heir environment and that organism are struggle for existence. By the end of the century, scientists widely accepted the concept of evolution but not his mechanism of natural selection. The acceptance of the latter really dates from the 1920s and 1930s, when his theory combined with modern genetics

The Descent of Man (1871)

by Darwin, applied the principle of evolution by natural selection to humans beings

Charles Dickens/ Hard Times (1854)

portrayed the cruelty industrial life society based on money

Gustave Flaubert/Madame Bovary (1857)

colorless story provincial life and a woman's hapless search for love in and outside of marriage, as the first genuinely realistic novel. Portrayed life without heroism, purpose, or even civility

Sigmund Freud

No intellectual development more exemplified this trend than psychoanalysis through his work. For him human beings are sexual creatures from birth through adulthood. He thus questioned in the most radical manner the concept of childhood innocence. He concluded that dreams allow unconscious wished. desires. and drives, that had been excluded from everyday conscious life to enjoy freer play in the mind. Wrote The Interpretation of Dreams. His developed a new model of the internal organization of the mind as an arena of struggle and conflict among three entities : id, superego, and ego.

Theodore Herzl

he called for a separate state in which all Jews might be assured of those rights and liberties that they should be enjoying the liberal states of Europe.

Thomas Henry Huxley

the great defender of Darwin, he declared that the physical progress of evolution was at offs with human ethical development. The struggle in nature only showed how human beings should not behave.

Henrik Ibsen

carried realism into the dramatic presentation of domestic life. He sought to strip away the illusory mask of the middle-class morality.

The interpretation of dreams (1900)

by Freud he argued, unconscious drives and desires contribute to conscious behavior. He developed these concepts and related them to his idea of infantile sexuality in this.

James Joyce

wrote "Ulysses" transformed not only the novel, but also the structure of the paragraph.

Carl Jung

questioned the primacy of sexual drives in forming personality and in contributing to mental disorder. He believed the human subconscious contains inherited memories from previous generations.

Kulturkampf (1870)

associate with Bismarck meaning cultural struggle. It was probably his greatest blunder.

Karl Lueger

used anti- Semitism as a major attraction for his Christian Socialist Party.

Charles Lyell

suggested the earth is much older than the biblical records contend. he removed the miraculous hand of God from the physical development of the earth

Thomas Mann/BuddenBrooks (1901)

wrote "Buddenbrooks" and the Magic Mountain, explored both the social experience of middle-class Germans and how they dealt with the intellectual heritage of the nineteenth century.

Modernism

was critical of middle-class society and morality although it was not deeply concern for the aesthetic or the beautiful

Natural Selection

by Darwin, contended that more living organisms come into existence than can survive in their environment. Believe that struggle for existence live long enough to propagate. This principle of survival of the fittest.

Friedrich Nietzsche

in Germany portrayed Christianity as a religion that glorified weakness rather than the strength life required. attacked Christianity , democracy, nationalism, rationalism, science. and progress. wrote Thus Spake Zarathustra and announced the death of God and proclaimed the coming of the "Overman" . He sought a return to the heroism, he thought the values of Christianity and of bourgeois morality prevented humankind from achieving life on a heroic level. In his view, morality was a human convention that had no independent existence.

On the origin of species (1859)

by Charles Darwin, which carried the mechanical interpretation of physical nature into the world of living things

Papal Infallibility

Pope Pius IX summoned the First Vatican Council and the council promulgated the dogma of this. When speaking officially on matters of faith and morals.

Max Planck

pioneered the articulation of the quantum theory of energy, according to which energy is a series of discrete quantities, or packets, rather than a continuous stream

Pope Pius IX

issued "Syllabus of Errors". summoned the First Vatican Council which promulgated the dogma of papal infallibility

Positivism

the philosophy of Auguste Comte that science is the final, or positive, stage of human intellectual development because it involves exact descriptions of phenomena, without recourse to unobservant operative principles, such as gods or spirits.

The protestant ethis and the spirit of Capitalism

by Weber in this he traced much of the rational character of capitalist enterprise to the ascetic religious doctrines of Puritanism

Realism

confronted readers with the harsh realities of life. it rejected the romantic idealization of nature, the poor, love and polite society. Portrayed the dark side of life, almost, some people thought, for its own sake.

Wilhelm Roentgen

published a paper on his discovery of X-rays, a form of energy that penetrated various opaque materials. Major step in the exploration of radioactivity followed within months of publication of his paper.

A room of one's own (1929)

by Virginia Woolf, one of the fundamental texts of twentieth-century feminist literature. Concluded that male and female writers must actually be able to think as both men and women and share the sensibilities of each. In this sense, she sought to open the whole question of gender definition.

George Bernard Shaw

spent most of his life in England. Defended Ibsen's work and made his own realistic onslaught against romanticism and false respectability.

Social Darwinism

the application of Darwin's concept of "the survival of the fittest" to explain evolution in nature to human social relationships.

Herbert Spencer

most famous advocate of evolutionary ethics, a British philosopher. He believed human society progresses through competition. in his work struggle against ones fellow human beings became a kind of ethical imperative.

Marie Stopes

an Englishwoman who pioneered contraception clinics in the poor districts of London. She outlook that limiting the number of children would allow more healthy and intelligent children to survive.

Syllabus of errors (1864)

by Pope Pius IX which set the Catholic Church squarely against contemporary science, philosophy, and politics

Thus Spake Zaeathustra (1883)

by Friedrich Nietzche where he criticized democoracy and Chritianity.

Jules Verne

the real father of today's works of popular science fiction

Wahhabi Movement

rejected by the Islamic religious leaders, religious-based opposition was strongest in those portion of Middle East.

Max Weber

The German sociologist regarded the emergence of rationalism throughout society as the major development of human history. He saw bureaucratization as the basic feature of modern social life. Wrote " the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism"

The will to power

consists of Nietzche's unpublished notebook which were edited by his siter who had them published after he died.

Virginia Woolf

charted the changing sentiments of a world most of the nineteenth-century social and moral certainties removed. Wrote "In A Room of One's Own". she also challenged some of the accepted notions of feminist thought. Discussing the difficulty a woman writer confronted in finding women role models, she outlined obstacles that women faced in achieving the education, the time, and the income that would allow them to write.

Emile Zola

author who turn realism into a movement. He refused to turn his readers' thoughts away from the ugly aspects of life.