BIOL 118 UNIT 1

kidneys get rid of it as urine

bodily function to get rid of excess bicarbonate

ketone

secreted into bloodstream to be used for cellular energy when blood glucose levels are low

secondary structure

the local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide's backbone who’s structure is reinforced by Hydrogen bonds

passive transport

small substances such as ions/molecules move between extracellular and intercellular space following natural gradient

facilitated diffusion

passive movement of molecules across concentration gradient aided by transmembrane proteins

channel mediated, carrier mediated

two types of facilitation diffusion

osmosis

movement of water through aquaporin channel across lipid bilayer

endocytosis

a type of active transport that moves large molecules, often macromolecules from extracellular into the intercellular space

active transport

movement of molecules through protein pumps, requires energy

glycolipid

lipid with sugar group attached which help with cell membrane stability and identification

pancreas’s exocrine function

secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum

E stored + E used for work + E lost(heat)

components of Energy balance

epithelial tissue

Tissue type that covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passages/chambers, produces granular secretions

connective tissue

tissue type that provides structural support, energy storage, fills/binds other tissues/organs

muscle tissue

tissue type that contracts/relaxes to produce active movement

neural tissue

tissue type that carries information and conducts electrical pulses

atomic/molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

body structural organization from smallest to largest

tissue

perform relatively simple tasks, distributed throughout the body, composed of cells

organs

perform specialized specific tasks, have specific loci

ingestion

voluntary mechanical taking in and breaking down of food

propulsion

movement of food along digestive tract

swallowing

voluntary propulsion

peristalsis

involuntary contraction/relaxation of muscle tissue during digestion

villi

small slender projections on the epithelial surface of the GI tract which increase SA

Plicae

folds of the small intestine increasing SA

mechanical digestion

physical breaking down of food into smaller chunks increasing SA:vol ratio

chemical digestion

enzymes break chemical bonds of food

Liver

organ whose main digestive function is to produce bile but also serves other important metabolic and regulatory roles

Pancreas

only organ able to produce enzymes that can break down all digestible macromolecules

digestion

breaking down large food molecules that can be later absorbed

galbladder

stores bile and concentrates it through the removal of water when digestion isn’t occurring

bile

acts as a support to mechanically separate lipids to aid lipase

lipase

lipid enzyme

nuclease

nucleic acid enzyme

protase

protein enzyme

amylase

carbohydrate enzyme

chyme

composed of gastric juices and partially digested food

duodenum

first part of small intestine where bile from gallbladder, digestive enzymes from pancreas, and stomach acid mix

pancreatic ducts

route digestive enzymes travel to get to duodenum

bile duct

route bile takes to get to small intestine

emulsification

mechanical breaking down of lipids in order to aid chemical breakdown done by pancreatic enzymes

segmentation

process of small intestine moving food back and fourth to mix with digestive juices

absorbtion

products of digestion are transported from GI tract via active/passive transport to lymph/blood mucosal cells

catabolism

metabolic step of chemical breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones

anabolism

metabolic step of synthesis of complex molecules

urea, CO2, water

metabolic chemical waste

Basal Metabolic Rate

measurement of the energy it takes to keep you and your tissues alive

(BMR) organs

tissue that composes less than 6% of body but makes up 58% of BMR

potential energy

energy stored in the bonds that can be used to do work

heat (kinetic energy)

metabolic non chemical waste

monomers

small molecules that can be produced by catabolism

ATP synthase

enzyme that adds inorganic phosphate to ADP

bonds between atoms

determine the behavior of a molecule

monosaccharides disaccharides

two categories that make up simple sugars

polysaccharides

categorization of complex sugars

starches, cellulose(fiber), glycogen

these are polysaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

these are monosaccharides

lactose, maltose, sucrose

these are disaccharides

carbohydrates

polar molecules whose structure consists of C rings and hydroxyl groups

starch

complex carbohydrate with few branches in its structure

cellulose(fiber)

complex carbohydrate which “links” together in chains of Carbon

glycogen

complex carbohydrate made by humans with a highly branched structure

free glucose(monomer)

preferred molecular form of carbohydrates that are distributed/used by the body

glycogen(polymer)

preferred molecular form of carbohydrates that are used for storage

fatty acids

lipid monomer

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

lipid polymers

carboxyl group with long CH chains

fat/lipid structural characteristics

polar glycerol sugar backbone with three fatty acids

triglyceride structural characteristics

unsaturated fats

fatty acids have C=C double binds creating a “kink”

saturated fats

3 straight fatty acids that make up non polar end of triglyceride

cholesterol

created by body from triglycerides, never used as fuel and serves mainly structural and functional purposes

sex hormones, bile salts

two things made of cholesterol

amphipathic

trait in which one part of a molecule is polar and another is non polar

ketoacidosis

excess accumulation of ketones in blood due to reduced/ complete lack of insulin which overwhelms bodies buffer system and causes acidosis

amino acids

monomer of proteins

glycogenesis

process in which glucose molecules are removed from blood by liver and combined into glycogen

glycogenolysis

break down of stored glycogen into free glucose molecules by liver to be used as energy by body

glucogenesis

livers ability to make glucose from non carbohydrate substances such as lipids and proteins

stimulus

first step: change that provokes a response

receptor

second step: detects a change in body through cell signaling

input

third step: information is sent along pathway to control center

output

fourth step: info is sent to the effector

effector

apart of step four and five of homeostasis, molecules that bind to receptor and trigger a response

response

fifth step: effector reduces effect of stimulus and returns body back to normal

negative feedback

bodily response whose feedback loop is the opposite of the stimuli in order to return body back to homeostasis

positive feedback

bodily response that once an extreme level is reached, is unable to reverse it and instead accelerates change in same direction

dynamic equilibrium

state of variable fluctuation around a normal range

pancreas's endocrine function

secrete hormone signaling molecules which help regulate blood sugar levels

glucagon

hormone produced by pancreas alpha cells

insulin

hormone produced by pancreas beta cells

hyperglycemia

BCL homeostasis interrupted by increasing blood glucose levels

hypoglycemia

**BCL homeostasis interrupted by decreasing blood glucose levels**

beta cells

act as receptors in the pancreas and secrete insulin

alpha cells

act as receptors in the pancreas and secrete glucagon

desmosomes

anchoring junctions that prevent cells who perform mechanical functions from coming apart, connect via button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes via protein filaments

fluid mosaic model

visually depicts the structure of the cell membrane and its various functions

glycoprotein

membrane proteins with a sugar group attached which serve as identifiers, adhesion, receptors, and identity

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

3 generalized parts of animal cell

nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus

3 generalized regions of nucleus

chromatin

condensed chromosomes wound around histone proteins