Studied by 18 peoplemove up in altitude
what are Andean hummingbirds likely to do in response to climate change
low
what is the survival rate for an andean hummingbird at high altitude with high affinity Hb
high
what is the survival rate for an andean hummingbird at mid altitude with high affinity Hb
low
what is the survival rate for an andean hummingbird at mid altitude with low affinity Hb
high
what is the survival rate for an andean hummingbird at low altitude with low affinity Hb
great system to study questions
why does Dr. Schul study katydids even though he doesn’t care about katydids
allows framework to discuss important biological concepts in context and make connections between them
why are we still talking about geese
protein biology and synthesis, evolution by natural selection, phylogenies, genetics and mutations, respiratory systems
what are some of the biological concepts that were covered in the geese unit
molecular
at which level of biological organization is: Hb
molecular
at which level of biological organization is: Hb-O2 dissociation curve
molecular
at which level of biological organization is: protein folding
cellular
at which level of biological organization is: transcription and translation
cellular
at which level of biological organization is: mutations
cellular
at which level of biological organization is: gene families
cellular
at which level of biological organization is: gene expression
organismal
at which level of biological organization is: fetal development
organismal
at which level of biological organization is: Hb-O2 binding
organismal
at which level of biological organization is: bird and animal respiratory systems
ecological
at which level of biological organization is: climate change impacts
ecological
at which level of biological organization is: Mt. Everest Atmosphere
evolutionary
at which level of biological organization is: convergent evolution
evolutionary
at which level of biological organization is: high altitude Hb evolution
evolutionary
at which level of biological organization is: speciation
no
do viruses contain cellular machinery
capsid
protein coat
capsid
where is genetic material stored in a virus
virion
viral particle
no
can a virus reproduce by itself
capsid size and shape, genetic material, envelope
what are the 3 features which help categorize viruses
helical, spherical, head-tail
what are the three capsid shapes
DNA v. RNA
Single v. Double Stranded
Positive v. Negative Sense
what are the three components of comparing genetic material in viruses
positive sense
can be read directly
negative sense
must be copied into its complimentary base
go into capsids of next generation, allow virus to use cellular machinery
what functions are necessary for proteins coded for by viral genes
presence/ absence
what are we comparing in relation to an envelope for a virus
envelope
lipid bilayer around capsid
attach to surface of cell often via receptor
what is step one of viral reproduction
viral glycoproteins need to fit receptor on cell
what causes specificity for viruses for host species and cell type
enter cell or inject viral genome into cell
what is step 2 of viral reproduction
viral genes direct cell to produce viral proteins
what is step 3 of viral reproduction
viral genes are copied into RNA then translated
what happens if the viral genome is DNA
directly translated, transcribed from RNA to mRNA, reverse transcribed
what are the three options if the viral genome is RNA
reverse transcription
RNA is transcribed into DNA which can enter the host’s genome
viral proteins assembled into new virions
what is the fourth step of viral reproduction
new virions leave cell
what is the fifth step of viral reproduction
spherical
what shape is coronavirus
yes
does coronavirus have an envelope
yes
does coronavirus have glycoprotein spikes
RNA
is the viral genome DNA or RNA in coronavirus
positive sense
is the viral genome in coronavirus positive or negative sense
birds and mammals
what are the hosts of coronavirus
respiratory tract infections
what does coronavirus cause
yes
does coronavirus have to jump species to reach humans?
endocytotic pathway and receptor mediated fusion
what are the 2 pathways that SARS-CoV2 can enter cells
endocytotic pathway
virus taken into endosome = membrane bound vesicle; virus fuses with endosome membrane, empties genome into host
cathepsin
what modifies spike proteins to allow fusion with membrane
receptor mediated fusion
bind to receptor on surface of cell, fuse with cell membrane, empty genes into host cell
spike protein
what part of the virus binds to ACE2 receptors
lungs and capillaries
where are the cells which have ACE2 receptors located
yes
does the spike protein have to be modified for fusion with cell to occur
bind to ACE2 receptors to allow entrance into the cell
what is the role of the spike protein
ACE
makes ANG II
increase BP and inflammation, damage tissues including alveoli and blood vessel linings
what does ANG II do?
ACE2
breaks down ANG II
lowers BP and protects tissues from damage
what does the breakdown of ANG II by ACE2 cause
homeostasis
what does ACE and ACE2 allow for
loss of ACE2
what does viruses cause in relation to homeostasis held by ACE and ACE2
29
how many genes in viral genome
4
how many structural protein genes in viral genome
make up capsid of new virions
what do structural proteins do in viral genome
25
how many nonstructural protein genes
take over cell’s protein production and inhibit host’s immune system
what are the two major functions of nonstructural protein genes in viral genome
open reading frame
a portion of DNA that contains no stop codons
methylated cap
what can viruses add to camouflage themselves to a host’s immune system
3
how many protein subunits are in the spike protein
ACE2 receptors
what does the spike protein bind to
open
strands are folded up on spike protein
closed
strands are folded down on spike protein
mutations
__________ can allow spike protein to bind more easily to ACE2 receptors
shape
changes in ______ of proteins on surface of virus can allow virus to move from one species to the next
immune system antibodies
mutation int the gene for the spike protein effects likelihood of tips being folded up and down which affects how well _______ _________________ can bind
single base change
___________________ resulted in higher propensity for tips to be folded up
can change in shape, open v. closed and relaxed v. tense state effect on binding
what are two commonalities between the spike protein and hemoglobin
innate immune system
preconfigured responses to set of stimuli; all organisms have this
immune sensing
part of innate immune system which detects molecules typical of pathogens or damaged cells and marks them with special molecules (cytokines)
innate immune cells
identify and kill pathogens through phagocytosis and defend against multicellular parasites by secreting chemicals
macrophages, leukocytes, natural killer cells
what are three types of immune cells
natural killer cells
attack virus infected or tumor cells
inflammation
increased blood flow, swelling, redness, heat, fever; release of interleukins and inferions, recruits immune cells to site of infection
activator of acquired immune system
what is a major role that the innate immune system plays
acquired immune system
learns to recognize pathogens (only in vertebrates)
vaccines
acquired immune system is important for …
4-6 days
how long does the acquired immune system take for a new pathogen
memory cells
where does the acquired immune system store information for future infections to lead to a fast, strong response
t cells
which kind of immune cells has killer cells
b cells
which kind of immune cells produce antibodies that attach to antigen so it cannot attach
b cells
which kind of immune cells have the potential to become a memory cell
new infection
what activates acquired immune system
mild or no symptoms
what are symptoms like for a secondary infection
long term immunity
what can your acquired immune system help you to achieve
Note
Flashcard