Bio Exam 7 Mizzou Schul

move up in altitude

what are Andean hummingbirds likely to do in response to climate change

low

what is the survival rate for an andean hummingbird at high altitude with high affinity Hb

high

what is the survival rate for an andean hummingbird at mid altitude with high affinity Hb

low

what is the survival rate for an andean hummingbird at mid altitude with low affinity Hb

high

what is the survival rate for an andean hummingbird at low altitude with low affinity Hb

great system to study questions

why does Dr. Schul study katydids even though he doesn’t care about katydids

allows framework to discuss important biological concepts in context and make connections between them

why are we still talking about geese

protein biology and synthesis, evolution by natural selection, phylogenies, genetics and mutations, respiratory systems

what are some of the biological concepts that were covered in the geese unit

molecular

at which level of biological organization is: Hb

molecular

at which level of biological organization is: Hb-O2 dissociation curve

molecular

**at which level of biological organization is: protein folding**

cellular

at which level of biological organization is: transcription and translation

cellular

at which level of biological organization is: mutations

cellular

at which level of biological organization is: gene families

cellular

at which level of biological organization is: gene expression

organismal

at which level of biological organization is: fetal development

organismal

at which level of biological organization is: Hb-O2 binding

organismal

at which level of biological organization is: bird and animal respiratory systems

ecological

at which level of biological organization is: climate change impacts

ecological

at which level of biological organization is: Mt. Everest Atmosphere

evolutionary

at which level of biological organization is: convergent evolution

evolutionary

at which level of biological organization is: high altitude Hb evolution

evolutionary

at which level of biological organization is: speciation

no

do viruses contain cellular machinery

capsid

protein coat

capsid

where is genetic material stored in a virus

virion

viral particle

no

can a virus reproduce by itself

capsid size and shape, genetic material, envelope

what are the 3 features which help categorize viruses

helical, spherical, head-tail

what are the three capsid shapes

DNA v. RNA

Single v. Double Stranded

Positive v. Negative Sense

what are the three components of comparing genetic material in viruses

positive sense

can be read directly

negative sense

must be copied into its complimentary base

go into capsids of next generation, allow virus to use cellular machinery

what functions are necessary for proteins coded for by viral genes

presence/ absence

what are we comparing in relation to an envelope for a virus

envelope

lipid bilayer around capsid

attach to surface of cell often via receptor

what is step one of viral reproduction

viral glycoproteins need to fit receptor on cell

what causes specificity for viruses for host species and cell type

enter cell or inject viral genome into cell

what is step 2 of viral reproduction

viral genes direct cell to produce viral proteins

what is step 3 of viral reproduction

viral genes are copied into RNA then translated

what happens if the viral genome is DNA

directly translated, transcribed from RNA to mRNA, reverse transcribed

what are the three options if the viral genome is RNA

reverse transcription

RNA is transcribed into DNA which can enter the host’s genome

viral proteins assembled into new virions

what is the fourth step of viral reproduction

new virions leave cell

what is the fifth step of viral reproduction

spherical

what shape is coronavirus

yes

does coronavirus have an envelope

yes

does coronavirus have glycoprotein spikes

RNA

is the viral genome DNA or RNA in coronavirus

positive sense

is the viral genome in coronavirus positive or negative sense

birds and mammals

what are the hosts of coronavirus

respiratory tract infections

what does coronavirus cause

yes

does coronavirus have to jump species to reach humans?

endocytotic pathway and receptor mediated fusion

what are the 2 pathways that SARS-CoV2 can enter cells

endocytotic pathway

virus taken into endosome = membrane bound vesicle; virus fuses with endosome membrane, empties genome into host

cathepsin

what modifies spike proteins to allow fusion with membrane

receptor mediated fusion

bind to receptor on surface of cell, fuse with cell membrane, empty genes into host cell

spike protein

what part of the virus binds to ACE2 receptors

lungs and capillaries

where are the cells which have ACE2 receptors located

yes

does the spike protein have to be modified for fusion with cell to occur

bind to ACE2 receptors to allow entrance into the cell

what is the role of the spike protein

ACE

makes ANG II

increase BP and inflammation, damage tissues including alveoli and blood vessel linings

what does ANG II do?

ACE2

breaks down ANG II

lowers BP and protects tissues from damage

what does the breakdown of ANG II by ACE2 cause

homeostasis

what does ACE and ACE2 allow for

loss of ACE2

what does viruses cause in relation to homeostasis held by ACE and ACE2

29

how many genes in viral genome

4

how many structural protein genes in viral genome

make up capsid of new virions

what do structural proteins do in viral genome

25

how many nonstructural protein genes

take over cell’s protein production and inhibit host’s immune system

what are the two major functions of nonstructural protein genes in viral genome

open reading frame

a portion of DNA that contains no stop codons

methylated cap

what can viruses add to camouflage themselves to a host’s immune system

3

how many protein subunits are in the spike protein

ACE2 receptors

what does the spike protein bind to

open

strands are folded up on spike protein

closed

strands are folded down on spike protein

mutations

__________ can allow spike protein to bind more easily to ACE2 receptors

shape

changes in ______ of proteins on surface of virus can allow virus to move from one species to the next

immune system antibodies

mutation int the gene for the spike protein effects likelihood of tips being folded up and down which affects how well _______ _________________ can bind

single base change

___________________ resulted in higher propensity for tips to be folded up

can change in shape, open v. closed and relaxed v. tense state effect on binding

what are two commonalities between the spike protein and hemoglobin

innate immune system

preconfigured responses to set of stimuli; all organisms have this

immune sensing

part of innate immune system which detects molecules typical of pathogens or damaged cells and marks them with special molecules (cytokines)

innate immune cells

identify and kill pathogens through phagocytosis and defend against multicellular parasites by secreting chemicals

macrophages, leukocytes, natural killer cells

what are three types of immune cells

natural killer cells

attack virus infected or tumor cells

inflammation

increased blood flow, swelling, redness, heat, fever; release of interleukins and inferions, recruits immune cells to site of infection

activator of acquired immune system

what is a major role that the innate immune system plays

acquired immune system

learns to recognize pathogens (only in vertebrates)

vaccines

acquired immune system is important for …

4-6 days

how long does the acquired immune system take for a new pathogen

memory cells

where does the acquired immune system store information for future infections to lead to a fast, strong response

t cells

which kind of immune cells has killer cells

b cells

which kind of immune cells produce antibodies that attach to antigen so it cannot attach

b cells

which kind of immune cells have the potential to become a memory cell

new infection

what activates acquired immune system

mild or no symptoms

what are symptoms like for a secondary infection

long term immunity

what can your acquired immune system help you to achieve