bio 20 - photosynthesis & cellular respiration

metabolic pathways

biological processes that involve matter & energy

formula for photosynthesis

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

formula for cellular respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O

site of photosynthesis

chloroplasts

site of cellular respiration

mitochondria

stroma

fluid that contains proteins & chemicals needed for photosynthesis

granum

a stack of thylakoids

matrix

the fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria

anabolic

creation of large molecules from smaller ones

catabolic

breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones

enzymes

protein catalysts within cells; reduce the amount of activation energy required

oxidation

loss of electrons and energy

reduction

gain of electrons and energy

heterotrophs

ingests their food source

autotrophs

produces their food source; self feeder

what wavelengths do pigments in plants absorb?

wavelengths in the the visible light spectrum; some colors are not absorbed though and are reflected instead

why are plants usually green?

pigments in plants reflect green light wavelengths

white light

when all wavelengths in the visible light spectrum are present simultaneously

chlorophyll A

obtains the best type of wavelengths for photosynthesis; most important pigment

chlorophyll B

absorbs a similar spectrum of wavelengths as chlorophyll A but in lower amounts

carotenoids

absorbs other wavelengths then passes the energy to chlorophyll A; one of the main accessory pigments

absorption spectrum

amount of each wavelength absorbed

action spectrum

effectiveness of a wavelength in the action of photosynthesis

light dependent reaction

light is absorbed which causes electrons to “jump and that energy is used to create ATP & NADPH; happens during the day and in the thylakoids

light independent reaction

carbon is fixed to a molecule and glucose is eventually formed; happens all the time and in the stroma

photosystem

acts like a light-gathering “antenna complex” consisting of pigments; a collection of chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid

reaction center

a specialized chlorophyll A molecule in the middle of a photosystem

reactants of light independent reaction

CO₂, NADPH & ATP (from LDR), and raw organic compounds

products of light independent reaction

glucose and water

carbon fixation

the process by which plants inorganic carbon into organic compounds; also known as carboxylation

aerobic

when a system needs oxygen to carry out its functions

anaerobic

when a system does not need oxygen to carry out it functions

fermentation

modified form of anaerobic respiration

aerobic reactions

glycolysis, link reaction/krebs pre, krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

anaerobic reactions

glycolysis and fermentation

glycolysis

conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid/pyruvate with ATP & NADH are also produced; oxygen is not needed

where does glycolysis happen?

in the cytosol

link reaction / krebs prep

when pyruvate loses a carbon and attaches with coenzyme A to turn into acetyl-CoA which goes to the krebs cycle

role of the krebs cycle

to create NADH and FADH₂

which reaction produces the most ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation / aerobic cellular respiration

how much ATP does aerobic cellular respiration make?

36 - 38

what’s more effective: aerobic or anerobic?

aerobic cellular respiration

lactate fermentation

when cells that are temporarily without oxygen turn the pyruvate into lactate/lactic acid

where is lactic acid produced?

in the muscle cells of bacteria and animals

what happens to the lactic acid when cells have enough oxygen again?

it gets converted to pyruvate and continues aerobic cellular respiration

ethanol fermentation

when an organism functions anaerobically and turns the pyruvate into ethanol along with releasing CO₂

ATP

the energy used and stored at the cellular level

what is the final electron acceptor?

oxygen

what would happen if oxygen wasn’t present?

the whole process of aerobic respiration would stop and anaerobic respiration/fermentation would start happening instead

phosphorylation

gain of phosphate

photolysis

splitting of a molecule with light

chemiomosis

when hydrogen passes through the ATP synthase to combine with ADP + P to create ATP

3 ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis

oxygen created, carbon dioxide taken in, and carbohydrates formed

3 biggest factors of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide, temperature, and light