USHistory - Chapter 3 - Migration and industrialization test and quiz guide

Moral Crimes

1. Slavery
2. Treatment of the NA's

Manifest Destiny

God given right to go out and settle in the west

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently banned slavery

Fugitive Slave Cause

No person held to service or "labor" would be realesed from bondage in the event if they escaped

Sitting Bull

Sioux chief who led the attack on Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Led to his execution at wounded knee. Refused to sign Fort Laramie Treaty

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

Red Cloud

Most sucsseful chief of the Lakota. Signed the treaty of Fort Laramie.

Bozeman Trail

A trail blazed through the heart of the Sioux Reservation/Territory leading settlers and miners to gold in Montana

John Bozeman

Established the Bozeman trail connecting the Oregon Trail to gold in Montana, breaking the Fort Laramie Treaty

Gold Rush

a large migration of people to a newly discovered gold field. begins red clouds war. Bozemans wagon train went 150 miles.

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Sod House (Soddy)

a house built of strips of soil, laid like brickwork, and used especially by settlers on the Great Plains, when timber was scarce.

Savages

what the easterners called Native Americans

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

The U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully, where the army attacked and killed about 150 people while burning the camp.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were completely wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. 600 troops marched big horn river.

General George Armstrong

Led his men on a disastrous campaign against the Sioux, Lakota, and Cheyenne Indians, which resulted in the destruction of his entire regiment at The Battle of Little Big Horn. Looking for gold in the black hills.

Populism

For the poeple, against the elite or the establishment, charismatic/dominant leaders - "voice of the people"

The Granger Movement

1867 - Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, granges eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Economic Distress

Farmers buy more land to grow more crops and pay off debt. Debtors have to pay loans in dollars worth more than amount borrowed. Prices of crops fell.

Bland-Allison Act

1873 law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation. More money into circulation by using silver as currency

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy and wanted to end crop lien (sharecroppers

birretalism

using gold and silver to back currency

gold standard

backing dollars solely with gold (only using gold)

silverities

bm would create more money and stimulate the economy

gold bugs

referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west. The federal Govt. offerred 170 Million acres in land grants to railroads.

Central Pacific

moved eastward from Sacramento

Union Pacific

moved westward from Omaha,Nebraska

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers. First law to restrict immigration. Resentment and discrimination towards the chinese.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Trusts

a corporation made up of many companies that receive certificates entitling them to dividends on profits earned

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.

holding company

a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies - a corporation that does nothing but buy out the stock of other companies

Industrial Workers of the World

a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

gilded

covered with gold

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor. More railroads, inventions, factories, immigrants and discovery of new mines. ( end of civil war to WW1)

Company Towns

owned by the business and rented out to employees (required)

"wage slavery"

occured during the industrial capitalism stage, it forced workers to work for next to no money, essentially creating a modern slave

Socialism

economic + political policy that favors

Haymarket Riot (1886)

The riot took place in Chicago between rioters and the police. It ended when someone threw a bomb that killed dozens. The riot was suppressed, and in addition with the damaged reputation of unions, it also killed the Knights of Labor, who were seen as anarchists.

Henry Frick

Successful and brutal businessman - chairman of Carnegie Steel - anti-union - Was an industrialist who headed the Carnegie Steel Company and the United States Steel Corporation

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

allows the government to break up companies with control of a market; prevents monopolies

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

push and pull factors of immigration

PUSH
- Religious Persecution
- War
- Poor/Unstable Economy
PULL
- land, employment, religious or political freedom
- homestead act
- farming

"new immigrants"

- Jews
- S + E Europeans
- Unskilled
- Catholics
- Settled in Cities

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy. Many traveled in poor conditions "steerage"

Steerage

A large open area beneath a ship's deck, often used to house traveling immigrants

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

Urban living conditions

tenements, slums, fire, diseases, lack of air and light and water

Tenements

"The Slums." Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Many immigrants who had no home and slept in 5 cent rooms (w complete strangers)

Ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

"Melting Pot"

the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot. Immigrants assimilated into culture through education amd accurlation

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. "we wanted immigrants to forget their old ways of life and become AMERICAN"

Republican Party

William Mckinley

Democracatic Party

William Jennings Bryan

In the election of 1896, the major issue became

upholding the gold standard vs. the free and unlimited coinage of silver. this election pretty much ended populism.

Oklahoma Land Rush ("Sooners")

1889 massive scramble for land following the opening of former "Indian territory" in Oklahoma to settlement (although many "sooners" had already entered Oklahoma illegally and claimed land)

mobile

food searching

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

Required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation; passed over Hayes's veto.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.