AP ES Study Guide

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have during her reproductive years

replacement level fertility

how many children a couple should have to replace themselves, offset by infant mortality rate

pre-reproductive age

(0-14) not mature enough to reproduce

reproductive age

(15-44) capable of reproduction

post-reproductive age

45+ too old to reproduce

immigration

migration of individuals into a population

Why have death rates decreased?

• increased food supply

• better nutrition

• medical and public hygiene

• technology (vaccines)

• safer water supplies

emigration

migration of individuals out of population

population

group of interbreeding individuals of same species

limiting factors

regulate population growth (physical/chemical factors)

environmental resistance

sum of limiting factors affecting population

r-strategists

produce large numbers of offspring with little to none parental care, short Type III lifespans (ex: roach)

k-strategists

produce small numbers of offspring with high parental care, long Type I lifespans (ex: kangaroo, elephant)

survivorship curves

represent different life expectancies

doubling time

the time it takes for a population to double in sixe, estimated by ‘Rule of 70"

Rule of 70

70/Annual Growth Rate (%)

biotic potential

the maximum reproduction rate of an organism

intrinsic rate of increase (r)

rate at which a pop. would grow if it had unlimited resources

J-shaped curve

a curve showing the exponential increase in population size

s-shaped curve

a curve showing the limitations of a population’s growth and the effects of carrying capacity

carrying capacity (k)

max population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain w/out degrading the habitat

How have humans increased the earth’s carrying capacity?

social, cultural, and technlogical changes (ex: efficient food production and distribution)

cultural carrying capacity

max # of people who could live w/ freedom. comfort w/out decreasing earth’s sustainability

demography

the study of human populations, their characteristics and changes

infant mortality rate

number of children dying in the first year of life divided by the number of live births that year

What factors influence the TFR?

• cost of raising/educated them

• contribution as a workforce

• urbanization

• education/employment of women

• marriage age (increasing)

• availability of contraceptives

• infant/child death rates

What two countries are the most populated?

India and China; 1.4 billion people each

Why is the U.S. population rate increasing?

lower death rates, higher birth rates, and high immigration

crude birth rate

Number of live births per 1000 in a year

crude death rate

number of deaths per 1000 in a year

life expectancy

number of years a person born in a given year is expected to live

per capita

way to express rates as “per person”

percentage

way to express rates as per 100 ppl per year