AP Human Geography Part 7 - C

Relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Remanufacturing

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts.

Remittance

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated.

Remote sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods.

Renewable energy

A source of energy that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people.

Renewable resource

A resource that is produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.

Resource

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.

Ridge tillage

A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

Right-to-work law

A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.

Rush hour

The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.

Sanitary landfill

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

Sawah

A flooded field for growing rice.

Scale

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.

Second agricultural revolution

An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century.

Secondary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district.

Self-determination

The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.

Service

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

Settlement

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Sharecropper

A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays the loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

Shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Site

The physical character of a place.

Site factors

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

Situation (or relative location)

The location of a place relative to another place.

Situation factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

Smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

Social area analysis

A method used to analyze the social characteristics of a specific area.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area.

Solar calendar

A calendar that relates to the season or the apparent position of the sun in relation to the stars.

Solstice

An astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of Earth's axis is most inclined toward or away from the sun, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to reach its northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year.

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Space

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

Space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

Spanglish

A combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans.

Spatial association

The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature.

Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Standard language

The form of a language used for official government, business, education, and mass communication.

State

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.

Step migration

Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination.

Stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle.

Structural adjustment program

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions that encourage international trade.

Subdialect

A subdivision of a dialect.

Subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.

Suburb

A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city.

Supply

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

Sustainability

The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.

Sustainable Development Goals

Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.

Syncretic

Combining several religious traditions.

Syncretism

The combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature.

Taboo

A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs.

Terroir

The contribution of a location's distinctive features to the way food tastes.

Terrorism

The threatened or actual use of illegal force, and violence by a non state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation.

Tertiary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Threatened language

A language used for face-to-face communication, but is losing users.

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support a service.

Toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Transhumance

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area.