Psychology | UNIT 2 | AOS 1: How are people influenced to behave in particular ways?

5.0(1)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/51

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

52 Terms

1
New cards

Social cognition

How we perceive, think about, and use information to understand and make judgments about ourselves and others in social situations.

2
New cards

Direct perception

Provided from the person we are judging, for example through observing them or interacting with them.

3
New cards

Indirect perception

Through hearing about the person we are judging, from another person or source.

4
New cards

Attribution

An evaluation made about the cause of behaviour, and the process of making the evaluation.

5
New cards

Steps of attribution

Step one: Observation of an outward act of behaviour.
Step two: Conscious determination or acknowledgement of the behaviour.
Step three: Attributes causes to this observed behaviour.

6
New cards

Internal attribution

An explanation due to the characteristics of the person involved, such as their personality, attitude or ability.

7
New cards

External attribution

Is an explanation of behaviour due to factors associated with the situation the person is in.

8
New cards

The fundamental attribution error

Refers to our tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors, while ignoring possible external factors.

9
New cards

The tri-component model of attitudes

Illustrates the relationship between the affective, behavioural, and cognitive components of our attitude.

10
New cards

The affective component

Refers to our emotions and intuitive feelings towards something, reflected in our attitude.

11
New cards

The behavioural component

Describes our outward and observable actions that reflect our point of view about something

12
New cards

The cognitive component

Involves our thoughts and beliefs towards something

13
New cards

Stereotyping

Is a collection of beliefs that we have about people who. belong to a certain group , regardless of individual differences among members of that group.

14
New cards

Cognitive dissonance

An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people become aware that there is inconsistency among their various beliefs or attitude or that their behaviours conflicts with their cognition.

15
New cards

Cognitive bias

Are unconscious systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality.

16
New cards

Confirmation bias

The tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviours and ignore contradictory information.

17
New cards

Actor-observer bias

The tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors and situations while attributing other peoples actions to internal factors.

18
New cards

Self-serving bias

The tendency to attribute positive success to our internal character and actions and attribute failure to external factors or situational cases.

19
New cards

False-consensus bias

The tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attributes as we do.

20
New cards

Halo-effect

The tendency for the first impression we form about one quality of a person to influence to our overall belief about the person in other respects.

21
New cards

Heuristics

Enables individuals to form judgments, decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently.

22
New cards

Anchoring (adjustment) heuristic

The first info received about an idea or concept

23
New cards

Availability heuristic

Enables individuals to form a judgment, solve a problem, or make a decisions base on information that is easily accessible.

24
New cards

Representative heuristic

Involves making categorical judgment about an idea, event or person based on their similarity to other items in that category.

25
New cards

Affect heuristic

Involves using emotions to make a judgment or decision

26
New cards

Prejudice

Is an often-negative preconception held against people within a certain group or social category.

27
New cards

Discrimination

The unjust treatment of people due to their membership with a certain social category. This involves excluding or treating people differently based on their social group.

28
New cards

Stigma

The feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others.

29
New cards

Social stigma

Characterised by negative stereotypes as they come to define people and prevent them from being seen as an individual leading to widespread discrimination.

30
New cards

Self-stigma

The result of the internalisation. of negative stereotypes and can lead to poor self-efficacy and low self-esteem.

31
New cards

Direct discrimination

Occurs when someone is treated unfairly and is disadvantaged because of a personal characteristic.

32
New cards

Indirect discrimination

Occurs when a specific group is treated with unfair disadvantages because of a personal characteristic.

33
New cards

Methods that may reduce prejudice

  1. Educations yourself on other religions.

  2. spend time with people from different cultures.

34
New cards

Social group

Two or more people who interact and influence each other and share common objective.

35
New cards

In-group

A group that an individual belongs to and identifies with.

36
New cards

Out-group

A group that an individual does not belong to or identify with.

37
New cards

Social identity theory

Outlines the tendency for people to favour their in-group over an out-group in order to enhance their sense of self-esteem.

38
New cards

Social loafing

Refers to an individual’s reduction in effort when work is performed in a group as compared to individually, due to the belief that others will put in the effort.

39
New cards

Obedience

Involves complying with commands which are often given by a source of authority.

40
New cards

Constructive obedience

Occurs when there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a positive outcome.

41
New cards

Destructive obedience

Occurs when there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a negative outcome.

42
New cards

Status of authority figure

The individual is more likely to be obedient if the authority figure is perceived as being legitimate and having status and power. 

43
New cards

Proximity

Greater physical proximity or greater relationship proximity between an individual and someone who made a command increases the likelihood of obedience.

44
New cards

Group pressure

Individuals are more likely to obey commands when they observe others obeying the commands.

45
New cards

Conformity

Conformity involves adjusting one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviours to match those of others, a social group, or social situation

46
New cards

Addictive behaviours

Are behaviours that are associated with a dependence upon a particular stimulus, despite negative consequences.

47
New cards

Anti-conformity

Is the deliberate refusal to comply with accepted standards in a society. It is often accompanied by the expression of ideas, beliefs, or judgments that challenge those standards.

48
New cards

Stanford prison experiment

Shows the effects of social groups. Withdrawal rights were breached as they were unable to leave the experiment at any time unless they were seen medically unfit by a doctor.

49
New cards

Stanley Milgram experiment

Investigates the factors that can influence obedience. The no harm principle was broken as participants suffered from psychological pain because they thought they were actually shocking another person.

50
New cards

Solomon Asch’s experiment

Investigated group pressure to conform.

51
New cards

Factors that influence anti-conformity

Desire to promote a change - When people hold the belief that circumstances are unethical, unfair, or incorrect, they may be encouraged to bring about change in certain contexts.

Reactance - Refers to a motivational state of distress and resistance

52
New cards

Factors that influence conformity

Individuation - This is when an individual’s identity and contributions to a group are noticeable.

Social support - Social support refers to when others hold a similar attitude or perspective to an individual.