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Fall of Western Rome
Time: 476
Significance: Constant barbarian invasions from Germanic tribes like the Visigoths and Vandals, internal political instability, economic decline, military weakness, and a shifting power dynamic within the empire.
Significant event:
The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths under Alaric in 410 AD is often seen as a turning point in the decline of the Western Roman Empire.
Impact:
The fall of Western Rome led to the rise of several smaller kingdoms across the former Roman territories, marking the beginning of the Early Middle Ages
Third Council of Toledo,
Visigoths Convert to Nicene
Christianity
Who:
Time: 589
Where: services are held in Toledo
Significance: the establishment of catholic Christianity as the official religion of the Visigothic kingdom instead of the past Arianism. Unity through discriminating the ‘outsiders’ (jews)
Visigothic Code Issued,
One Law for All
Time: 654
Where:
Significance: abolished past system where romans and visigoths had different laws, now everyone has this one law. Bok was called ‘Liber Ludicioum’
Isidore of Seville
Who: High high-ranking roman who stayed locally important in the Visigothic kingdom
Time : (560-636)
Where: Visigothic Kingdom
Significance: Proved the Visigoths adapted to times rather than a complete change, ppl in power just had different roles
Romanitas
What: persistence of roman influence after its fall
Time:560s
Where: Visigothic Kingdom
Significance: Roman rule is gone but romaness continues, they were added to the new kingdom, not expelled. This leads to a persistence of roman culture and economic system
Germanic Peoples
Time: 276
Where: Europe, outside Rome
Significance: Didn’t want to destroy the roman empire but to join it on their own terms. They fought and made alliances with the Roman Empire but eventually led to its downfall (nonromans)
Tariq’s Invasion
Who: commander of the muslim force
Time: 711
Where: Guaalete
Significance: The end of the visigothic kingdom
Conquest Complete
Who:
Time: 717
Where: Guadalete
Significance: Muslims forced the defeated Visigothic army led by King Roderic and conquered the Visigothic kingdom
Covadonga
Who:
Time: 718
Where:northern europe
Significance: Asturian army achieved first Christian victory over Umayyad forces. This area for the Asturian kingdom is the kingdom at the edge of the world
Berber Revolt
Who: Arabs and Berbers
Time: 740
Where: Iberian Peninsula
Significance: tension over who got better lands led to huge conflict. Arab leaders won but now realized they couldn’t control the whole peninsula and focused more on accomidatng the people to avoid revolts like this
Abd al Rahman made Emir
Who: umayyad ruler
Time: 756
Where: iberian peninsula
Significance: ruled the peninsula, marking new economic splendor and brings huge Islamic influence. He brought Islamic unity to the region.
Umayyad Caliphate
Who:
Time: 661-750
Where: Iberian Peninsula
Significance: a large empire that ruled over a multiethnic and multicultural population. Non-muslim religious were tolerated but taxed through Jizya
Dhimmi
Who:
Time: 710s
Where: Umayyad Empire
Significance: term for non-muslims living in an Islamic state legally. The state is required to protect them as a citizen
Jizya
Who:
Time: 730s
Where: Umayyad Empire
Significance: Tax levied on nonmuslims once the Umayyads took over
Pelagius/Pelayo
Who:
Time: 718
Where: Asturias
Significance: Founded the kingdom os asturias, forefather for all the Christian monarchies where all the visigothic ‘exiles’ fled to
Tariq ibn Ziyad
Who: Umayyad commander
Time: 711
Where: Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
Significance: Umayyad commander then destroyed the Visigoth Kingdom, controlling all but the north
Islamicization and Arabization makes Significant Progress
What: movement for a more homogenous kingdom
Time: 850
Where: umayyad empire
Significance: if one converts to Islam, they avoid tax, which led to a mass conversion of Islam
Adab
Who:
Time:
Where: umayyad empire, Islam
Significance: Islamic guidelines about etiquette and morals, the way in which Muslims are distinguished
Ulema
Who: islamic scholars
Time: 600
Where: umayyad empire
Significance: experts in Islamic law that were appointed/ appoint qadi. they’re very conservative, limiting arabic leader’s complete control
Mozarab
Who: Christians under muslim territory
Time: 600s
Where: Umayyad empire
Significance: Christians living in the Umayyad empire who adapted to Islamic culture (clothes and cuisine). the arab wannabees
Qadi
Who: muslim judge
Time: 820s
Where: umayyad empire
Significance: They were chosen from the ulemma group, which was heavily influenced by Islam, leading to the religious background to dictate judicial decisions
Maliki School
Who: muslim scholars
Time:711-795
Where:
Significance: school ruled on judicial cases by the quran. They ruled by textual interpetation.They ruled strictly to the book, which limited the freedom for Muslim rulers who wanted o tsay if they bok doesnt say it, than they could do it. it led to tensions with the Arabic chiefs
Martyrs of Cordoba Begin
Who: christians in islam territory
Time: 850
Where: Umayyad Empire
Significance: Christians denounce Islam publicly to spread Christianity before being executed because it is against the law (blasphemy, not their beliefs). This was a claim to Christian identity and expression of faith, which led to more rigid restrictions on non-muslims. the Islam identity is still maintained through with violence.
Bishop
Who: a high-ranking member of the clergy
Time: 800s
Where:
Significance: administer and govern their territory
Diocese
Who:
Time:
Where: territory under the bishop
Significance: the bishop has say over this territory and decides the tolerance to other religions
Clergy
Who: body of religious figures under one belief
Time:
Where:
Significance: clergy still had authoritative power
Radhanites
Who: Jewish merchants
Time: 850s
Where:
Significance: they kept up the Roman trade routes between the Christian and Muslim world
Pelayo and Covadonga
Who: nobleman
Time: 718
Where: Covadonga, Asturias
Significance: his Christian forces defeated the Umayyad forces in the battle of Covadonga. he founded the kingdom of asturias in 718
Death of Alfonso 1
Who: Alfonso 1
Time: 757
Where: Asturias
Significance: Alliance through marriage, his daughter married a local ruler, mixing the Visigoths with the locals to become king and queen of Asturias
Discovery of Santiago’s Tomb
Who: Pelayo
Time: 814
Where: Asturias
Significance: Santiago becomes a pillar of Spain as a pillar against non-muslims
Asturias becomes Leon
Who: Fruela 2
Time: 924
Where: Asturias/Leon
Significance: he moved his court to Leon after Alfonso divided Asturias among his 3 sons so the divided territory is back to one under the crown of Leon
Visigothic Legacy
Who: Asturian Kings
Time: 710s-1230s
Where:
Significance: In the Christian kingdoms, Alfonso’s chronicles were written to show the continuity of visigothic spain. At the time, Asturian kings would claim to be the heirs of the Visigothic kingdom, representing a Christian resistance to the Moors.
Spanish March Established
Who: created by Charlemagne
Time: 801
Where: Pyrenees mountains
Significance: a group of people under French rule that were sent to the southern mountains, creating a buffer zone between France and Al-Andalus
Wilfred the Hairy Becomes Count of Barcelona
Who:
Time: 878
Where: Barcelona
Significance: When he became count, he united the Catalonian counties which led to Catalonia being decentralized
Formal Independence of Catalonia
Who:
Time: 988
Where: Eastern side of the peninsula
Significance: Break political but maintained cultural ties to France, letting Catalonia become a major player in the east
Repoblacion
Who:
Time: late 1800s
Where: Duero Valley
Significance: repopulation of the duero valley that shaped how Christian spain would look
Behetria
Who: lords and vassals
Time: 800s-1400s
Where: Frontier
Significance: a different social contract than established, it placed restrictions on both parties so clients gain advocacy and employers gain power but it can be broke at any time, not a slave relationship
Feudalism
Who:
Time: 800-1400s Frontier
Where:
Significance: Lordship has jurisdiction over the serfs, being more important to the serfs than the king. knights fight to get land, serfs got to live.
Serfdom
Who: most ppl on the frontier
Time:
Where: frontier
Significance: labor service in return for life in the lordship’s territory. Catalonia had one of the harshest serfdom terms than the rest of the frontier since they didn’t care about expanding territory more than controlling what they had (they’re a french buffer)
Lord and Vassal
Who: person of high and low social status
Time: 1800s
Where: frontier
Significance: there’s a hierarchal relationship between people, those with land and those who stay on the land in return for loyalty and service
The Quinta (Royal Fifth)
Who:
Time:
Where:
Significance:
March
Who:
Time:
Where:
Significance:
Abd al Rhaman 3
Who: Umayyad prince to caliph
Time: 929
Where: Cordoba, al-andalus
Significance: Umayyad rule was in dissayr but when he came, he declared himself caliph. He stopped Christian territorial expansion and was considered the most powerful figure in al-andalus. His reign was called the golden age since he had a stable and powerful position
Almanzor takes power
Who: chancellor of the umayyad caliphate
Time: 976
Where: Cordoba, al-andalus
Significance: He ruled in place of the young caliph, destroying many Christian kingdoms to certify himself as superior. The campaigns bring him power and prosperity to Cordoba through the slave market
Sack of Santiago de Compostela
Who: Almanzor
Time: 997
Where: Santiago de compostela
Significance: he attacked the city of santiago and stole the cathedral bells. this marked a turning point to the Christian reconquest of the iberian peninsula.
Fitna of Al-Andalus begins
Who: son of almanzor
Time: 1009
Where: cordoba, al-andalus
Significance: a coup killed the caliph after he said his blood would be the blood of future caliphs. this enraged the elite arab families who wanted to depose him and Cordoba was destroyed in the process. more and more caliphs came into power but none held strong power, so al-andalus was split into many kingdoms
Library of Cordoba
Who: Al-Hakam 2,son of rahman 3
Time: 930
Where: Cordoba
Significance: the library was a center of culture and books that many scholar can learn from. He was known as the ruler of knowledge as the library was a symbol of his power and credibility. it also marked a new center of Islamic civilization
Al-Hakam 2
Who: Al-Hakam 2,son of rahman 3
Time: 915-976
Where:
Significance: he was the ruler of knowledge, largely building up the library of Cordoba in the era of knowledge. hebelived the more subject your mastered, you can better see opportunities that arise and take advantage of them
Hegemony
Who:
Time: 930s
Where:
Significance: destroying conquered property rather than expanding territories. Abd al-Rahman 3 practiced this to keep surrounding kingdoms in check as a sign of his power. it stopped the Christian advances
Medina Azahara
Who: Abd-al Rahman orders the construction
Time: 936-970
Where:
Significance: a palace made as a show of power and prestige of the caliph. It became controversial because it was staffed by goods and luxury goods that were against Islamic law (drinking, erotic poems), leading to tension with the Ulema. the palace showed that the caliph was more important than the ulema
Mosque of Cordoba
Who: a mosque built in Cordoba that is continuously added to by each new caliph
Time: 784
Where: Cordoba
Significance: it cemented the fact that people had to think about them when entering the mosque, elevating their authority to match religion along with the power of the new religion. This was important to show the prime of the caliphate and the caliph’s power
Golden Age begins
What: After Abd al-Rahman the third declares himself Caliph
Time: 929
Where: Al-andalus
Significance: His declaration restored the authority of the Umayyad dynasty, he put down internal rebellions and launched large-scale military action against the Christian kingdoms, stopping their expansion. His restoration of power declared the golden age for al andalus as he, the caliph, had the most power
Fitna begins
What: Civil war
Time:1009
Where: Al-Andalus
Significance: The caliphs hold no power anymore because they lack authority. Without central authority, a civil war ensued, and the city of Cordoba was sacked. After a series of short and unstable reigns, al-Andalus split into Taifa states. Now they’re ruled by faction rather than central rule
Granada Massacre
What: after Jewish Berbers had been ruling Al-Andalus for a bit, Yusef tries to switch the zirid rulers for another, betraying the royal family
Time: 1066
Where: Al-andalus
Significance: This Jewish chief minister goes too far in his power, setting off mob violence against the Jewish community of Granada. This was a display of reinforced boundaries through violence, it reinforced the religious hierarchy and signaled less tolerance that had previously been growing for Jews before this
Hasdai ibn Shaprut
What: Jewish physician to the caliph abd al rahman the third
Time: 900s
Where: al-Andalus
Significance: Caliphs relied on outsiders to fill political roles, an opportunity the jews took advantage of. This wealthy jew used personal connections (the leading system of power at the time) to be a doctor, ambassador, and tax collector thanks to his closeness with the caliph. He
Dunash ben Labrat
Who: Jewish Poet
Time: 900s
Where: Spain
Significance: he adapted Arabic forms of poetry into Hebrew. He was proof of how the Jewish community kept their distinctiveness in the growing population by using Hebrew but they were also adapting to the culture by bringing in arabic to their poetry
Moses ben Hanoch
Who: notable scholar
Time: 900s
Where: Spain
Significance: became chief rabbi of Cordoba. He is proof that immigration into the Jewish community made intellectual contributions
Barbastro Campaign
Person(s) Involved: French blessing for a holy war
Date: 1064- 1065
Where: Barbastro, present-day Spain
Significance: It was the crusade before the crusades as it was a war sanctioned by a pope, being the first campaign to do this, before the first crusade for jerusalem
Reconquest Ideology Solidifies
Persons Involved: Popes and Christian Leaders
Date: 11th Century
Where: Iberian Peninsula
Significance: Framed the Reconquista as a religious duty, Strengthened papal support for Christian campaigns, Inspired futured Crusades against Muslims as a right because of Christian’s Visigothic inheritance
First Crusade
Persons Involved: Pope Urban II, Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond IV of Toluse, Godfrey of Bouillon, Muslim leaders
Date: 1095-99
Where: Europe to the Levant (Syria, Jerusalem), Israel
Significance: Initiated the era of Crusades, Captured Jerusalem, establishing Crusader states, Intensified Christian-Muslim Conflict
Crusade Bull
What: Pope’s declare the authenticity of a crusade
Date: 1110s
Where: Christian Kingdoms
Significance: Official papal authoritarian for Crusades, Granted indulgences to participants, Strengthened papal influence over Christian warfare as crusades didn’t count if it weren’t organized by a pop since there won’t be spiritual benefits
Indulgence
Persons Involved: popes and crusaders
Date: 1100s
Where: Christian Kingdoms
Significance: spiritual benefit package for crusaders. Granted remission of sins for penance, Used to encourage participation in Crusades
Just War
Persons Involved: St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, various Christian theologians and leaders
Date: 1000s
Where: Christian Kingdoms, France
Significance: Provided moral justification for war, Influenced Crusades and military ethics through Visigothic inheritance
Almoravids Arrive
Persons Involved: Yusuf ibn Tashfin (Almoravid leader), Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile
Date: 1086
Where: Iberian Peninsula, primarily at the Battle of Sagrajas (Zallaqa)
Significance: Strengthened Muslim resistance to the Reconquista, Defeated Christian Forces and stopped the expansion, Unified and reinforced Al-Andalus under Almoravid rule
End of the Taifas
Persons Involved: Almoravids, various Taifa kings
Date: 1091-94
Where: Al-Andalus
Significance: Almoravids conquered remaining Taifa kingdoms, signaled the start of strict interpretation of islam and more emigration and forced conversion of Jews and Christians, creating a more homogenous society in Al-andalus
Capture of Zaragoza
Persons Involved: Alfonso I of Aragon, Almoravid rulers
Date: 1118
Where: Zaragoza,(major taifa kingdom) Iberian Peninsula
Significance: Major Christian victory in the Reconquista, made Zaragoza the capital of the Kingdom of Aragon, Weakened Almoravid control in northern Spain
Union of Aragon and Catalonia
Persons Involved: Petronilla of Aragon, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona
Date: 1137
Where: Kingdom of Aragon and Country of Barcelona (Iberian Peninsula)
Significance: Created the Crown of Aragon, Strengthened Christian power in Iberia as the united kingdom joined in the territorial expansion and brought the major rivers under Christian control
Fall of the Almoravids
Persons Involved: Almohads (Abu Yaqub Yusuf), Almoravids rulers, Christian forces
Date: 1147
Where: Al-Andalus, North Africa
Significance: Almohads(Berbers) defeated the Almoravids in North Africa, Ended Almoravid rule in Spain, Shifted Muslim power in Iberia, leading to new defense alliances
Yusuf ibn Tashfin
Persons Involved: Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Almoravid leader
Date: 1061-1106
Where: North Africa and Al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula)
Significance: Founded the Almoravid Dynasty, defended Muslim Iberia against Christain Reconquista, strengthened Islamic control in Spain through military victories
Muhammed al-Mutamid
Persons Involved: last king of the Taifa of Seville
Date: Reigned from 1069-1091
Where: Taifa of Seville, Al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula)
Significance: He helped the Almoravids in North Africa in exchange for help in the Iberian peninsula against Christian expansion. His fall marked the decline of the independent Taifas
Fernan Gonzales becomes Count of Castile
Who: Ruler that secured the right to pass the country on to his descendants
Time: 930
Where:
Significance: This marks the independence of Castille from the king of Leon. There’s a new Christian kingdom that is often ruled by the same person as Leon
Barbastro Campaign
What: Christian Army captured Barbastro for Aragon
Time: 1064
Where: Al-Andalus
Significance: Most of the soldiers fighting weren’t Aragonese but French. This is start of ‘war’ where soldiers are blessed for participating or receive some religious merit for fighting
Capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of Leon
What: Christian kingdom victory
Time: 1085
Where: Toledo, Al-Andalus
Significance: Territorial expansion of the Christian kingdom had great achievement with this, it was the first time a major city in Al-Andalus was captures and strengthened resolve to reconquer Muslim Spain
Emperor of Spain
Who: rulers calling themselves emperor
Time: 1000
Where: Al-Andalus and Leon
Significance: Rulers start calling themselves emperor of all the Spains as a claim to be first among equals and that they think they’re the most important ruler. Leon in particular adopts this a lot. This leads to more defined boundaries but more localized power (emperors sounds more like a centralized power but there’s too many so the authority is drained by all the local emperors.)
Community of Town and Land
What: line of communities connecting Toledo to the heartland of Leon. The towns had political and military responsibility over themselves and the area around
Time: 1090s
Where: Leon and Toledo
Significance: The line of communities made it so Toledo was in secure control of Alfonso the sixth and couldn’t be brought back under Muslim control
Taifas
Who: split up factions of al-andalus
Time:
Where:
Significance: They developed after the fall of Al-Andalus, showing a lack of central authority and just Muslim land shared among many rulers
Parias
What: Financial Triubutes to Christian rulers by Taifa states
Time:100s
Where: Christian kingdoms
Significance: these were heavy financial tributes from the Taifa states to the Christian rulers in exchange for military support. in reality, it was protection money to keep the Christian rulers from raiding their territory
Caballeros Villanos
What: a new class for those rich enough to join the cavalry with a horse
Time: 1000s
Where: Frontier
Significance: this new class developed because cities on the frontier organized themselves for war
Feudal Revolution in Catalonia
What: failure of feudal system that leads to political compromise
Time: 1040-1060
Where: Catalonia
Significance: The feudal system fails. Counts are no longer the ruler of everyone but only lords and the lords have direct power over everyone else. The common ppl’s usurpations are legalized
Reconstruction of Santiago de Compostela begins
Who: Alfonso the sixth began the construction
Time: 1075
Where: Leon
Significance: It brought ppl into Leon as a pilgrim route . Alfonso used the new Romanesque style to build it. The place brought ppl from all over, including monks.
First Crusade Announced
What: the successful effort to conquer Jerusalem from Muslim control
Time: 1095
Where: Jerusalem
Significance: It made fighting seem holy as ppl who fought received religious merit. This first crusade was a testing ground for this belief as popes gave privileges to the French to fight in Spain
Medieval Warm Period
What: Time period for favorable weather conditions
Time: late 900s
Where: All Spain
Significance: Warm and dry weather conditions were good for agriculture, creating more economic opportunity and being able to feed more ppl, more population and economic growth
Chivalry
What: Aristocratic culture
Time:100s
Where: Catalonia
Significance: The culture shared by the aristocratic class cemented who was in that class and strengthened the feudal system.
Romanesque Architecture
What: style of architecture from the romans and Byzantines
Time:1000s
Where: Leon
Significance: It was commonly used to create new buildings like Santiago’s which showed the time period’s belief that the Christians were roman and Visigoth descendants, inheriting and defending their legacy/customs.
Roman Rite
What: Roman standards to dictate life
Time:1000s
Where: Leon
Significance: This was used to dictate how one celebrates mass, bring Leon into the religious Europen mainstream
Toledo Translation Center
What: Knowledge center set up by Alfonso the sixth
Time: 1000s
Where: Leon
Significance: It becomes a mix of different religions and linguistic traditions, exchanging many cultures so that one group may learn the traditions and languages of another group.
Usages of Barcelona
What: Document that confirms the authority peasants/Castilians took in exchange of them pledging their personal allegiance to the count
Time: 1060
Where: Frontier
Significance: This is a representation of the classic feudal model such that the count in charge is just a first among equals to the ppl, retaining some but not the absolute power of before.
Knighthood
What: An honorable position among the upper class
Time:1110s
Where: Spain
Significance: an aristocratic concept that bring honor to a person. This lead to an equalization among the upper class that leads to a new political system in Catalonia that the peasants are left out of.
Cluny
What: Major force in the catholic church made up of monks
Time: 1000s
Where: Leon
Significance: The Cluny started a popular movement of clergy independence from secular interference. This kickstarts a movement where popes assert themselves against kings, leading to clunies become rich and prestigious and kings losing their control over them.
Hajib
Persons Involved: Various Islamic rulers and officials
Date: 1000s
Where: Islamic Empires, including Al-Andalus and the Abbasid Caliphate
Significance: Rulers of the Taifa states claimed power but not enough to declare themselves their own kings. They were just ministers to a non-existent ruler with no political legitimacy and were as such weak to Ulemma demands.
Almoravid Collapse and Almohad Arrival
What: Almoravids fall to the Almohads after fight in Morocco
Time: 1145
Where: Al-Andalus
Significance: The fall of the Almoravids switched the power chain in Al-Andalus with Muslims still in control but let by Berber Muslims. The Almohads set up their own frontier zone and stopped the advance of Christian territories
First Iberian Military Order Founded
What: The order of Avis, permanent soldiers blessed by the church
Time: 1146
Where: Portugal
Significance: Military orders helped settle and control the frontier since they defended against raids from the Almohads
Urban Reps Summoned to Cortes of Leon
What: representative of the twos are summoned to advise the king
Time: 1188
Where: Leon, frontier
Significance: this was a break where only aristocrats could advise the king, only landowners. This created room for negotiation between the people and the king for method, amount, and timetable of money collection for his wars.
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
What: Alfonso 8th wins battle against Almohad ruler
Time: 1212
Where: Las navas de tolosa to seville
Significance: this battle contributed to the fall of the Almohads through the Christian alliance
Fourth Lateran Council
What: new rule that mandates everyone confess and receive communion once a year
Time: 1215
Where: Christian kingdoms, leon
Significance: in a major milestone to Christianity, it led to a higher expectation of religious knowledge and implements Christianity into the daily lives of the common people
Zahiri School
What: fundamentalist form of Islam focused school in opposition to the Maliki school
Time:
Where: al-andalus
Significance: The school taught oppression of religious minorities, encouraging territorial expansion into the Christian territories(just to maintain status quo, not crazy thing)
Muhammed ibn Tumart
Who: founder of the Almohad movement
Time: 1130
Where: Morocca
Significance: he led the movement against the Almoravids in Morocco, transferring Al-Andalus from the Almoravids to the Almohads
Natural Lordship
What: Kings in Christian kingdoms naming themselves rulers of all born in their rule
Time: 1000-1300
Where: Castille, Leon
Significance: Break from previous system where being a lord was a choice and now a kingdoms is a defined territory rather than network of political relationships.
Mesta
Who: sheep raisers
Time: 1000
Where: Frontier, Castille
Significance: In the frontier, instead of focusing on agriculture, they settled on herding animals, important to not losing their means to money should enemy attack. Herding animals become largely important to Castilian economy as a result
Clergy and Laity
What: ppl in the church and the common people
Time: 1000-1300
Where: Leon, Christian kingdoms
Significance: Ppl ask more from the church and the church accommodates them, becoming more assertive in their wish to be more involved in daily life.
