Anatomy - Infectious Disease

Cocci

spherical

Bacilli

rod

Spiral

spirilla

Vibrios

comma

Spirochetes

corkscrew

Pathogenic

Resist the hosts defenses with endotoxins and exotoxins

Parasitic

Bacteria benefits while harming the host

Symbiotic

Both host and bacteria benefit

Pathogen travels in

and deposited by the blood stream

Infection site of mucosa

respiratory tract and GI tract

Innate immunity include

barrier, phagocytosis, NK cells

Infection sites include

skin, mucosa, and systemic

(Innate immunity) Phagocytosis by neutrophils is

one and done (pus)

(Innate immunity) Phagocytosis by macrophages

can perform over and over

(Innate immunity) Phagocytosis by monocyte WBCs

free or fixed and snares pathogen

(Innate immunity) NK cells

Look for abnormal cells with MHC1 protein if not present, it causes apoptosis

Which immunity is present at birth and not specific to a particular pathogen

innate immunity

What leukocyte circulates the blood and only has one nucleus

monocytes

Eosinophil role in innate immunity

Parasites and some bacteria. Can cause pathological inflammation (Asthma)

Dendritic cells role in innate immunity

“Marks” by presenting the pathogen to the immune system (langerhans cells)

Macrophages

large phagocytes migrates. Phagocytes that can continue to perform over and over

Mast cells role in innate immunity

contain histamine and heparin. Works for wounding heeling and microbial defense as well as serious allergic reactions

Basophils role in innate immunity

Fights parasitic infection and present in allergies (least common)

NK cells stimulates

apoptosis in human cells that have been marked for death. (Tumor cells and virally infected cells for instance)

Adaptive immunity

Antibodies formed that can respond to an antigen, or a marker on the surface of a cell

B-Lymphocytes mature in the

bone marrow

What learns how not to attack self but to attack a specific non self antigen. Becomes memory cells for future infection

B-lymphocytes

Humoral role in adaptive immunity

combat within fluid

Acquired adaptive immunity can be passed through

placenta and breast milk

Antibiotics function

Can cause agglutination with many antibodies binding to multiple cells binding them all together. Can completely surround cell causing loss of cell function

T-cells mature in the

thymus

T-cells role in adaptive immunity

Helper T cells-CD4 binds and copies itself like with effector cell and release cytokines

Cytotoxic cells-CD8 role in adaptive immunity

Looks for particular MHC proteins and kills by apoptosis

MHC 2 protein

Plays a role in adaptive immunity. On phagocytes, T-cells, and the B-cells mark broken pieces of antigens

What is the adaptive immunity check and balance system

Regulatory T cells inhibit cytokines after infection taken care of

Opsonization

when dendritic cells mark a foreign substance and alert immune system to get rid of pathogen

Palpable lymph nodes include

inguinal, axillary, clavicular, cervical, head

Left thoracic duct collects fluid from

lower extremities, GI Tract, Left Upper body (Arm, chest wall, upper back, shoulder and breast.

Left thoracic duct goes to

the left subclavian and left internal jugular vein connection

Right thoracic duct collects fluid from

right lymphatic duct

Right thoracic duct goes to

the right subclavian vein and internal jugular vein connection

Skin and subcutaneous drains into

deep system then into nodes in the axilla or pelvis.

Function of lymphatic system

• Uptake and distribution of interstitial fluid

• Infection fighting 

• Fat absorption

• Additional transit for WBCs

Gram negative

• Thin peptidoglycan layer in cell wall but multiple layers

• Harder to kill

• Quick to develop resistance

• Stains red on gram stain

Gram positive

• Thick peptidoglycan layer in cell wall.

• Absorbs surrounding materials

• Easier to kill

• Develops resistance slower

• Stains violet on gram stain

Commensal

Beneficial to the bacteria but does not harm the host

• Usually in the skin, resp tract, and GI tract