Patho review CH 9-11

fluid made up of plasma and protein

exudate

once we get sick, this is produced by the body and allows us to fight off future infection

part of adaptive immune system

antibodies

cell messengers that find pathogens and bring them to the adaptive immune system

dendritic cells

protective linings throughout the body made of epithelial cells

epithelial barriers

what are the epithelial barriers

skin

respiratory tract lining

intestinal lining

what is the mediator of the immune response

cytokines

chemokines

CSFs

components of host that help cells communicate and coordinate responses

cytokines

proteins that take WBC to injured area to begin immune response

Chemokines

makes more cells by stimulating bone marrow

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

what are the central lymphoid organs

Bone marrow and thymus

filter lymphatic fluid to remove bacteria and toxins

Lymph nodes

stores extra blood and platelets, immune cells and filters blood

Spleen

acquired through immunization or actually having the disease

active immunity

transferred from another source or artificially provided for short term protection

passive immunity

what are some examples of passive immunity

infant in utero

through breast milk

blood transfusions

misfolded proteins in rare diseases

prions

difficult to treat

smaller than bacteria

strong PROTEIN COAT

not organized

viruses

pathogen that is usually transmitted from animals to humans

parasites

what is the first response when the body is attacked

inflammation

what are the local signs of infection

redness

swelling

heat

pain

loss of function

what are the systemic signs of infection

fever

fatigue/lethargy

what type of inflammation is:

short duration

exudate present

acute inflammation

what kind of inflammation has:

long duration

caused by autoimmune, obesity etc

begins asymptomatically

chronic inflammation

what is an example of a chronic inflammatory disease

COPD, rheumatoid arthritis

what are the steps of the cellular stage of inflammation

1. margination

2. transmigration

3. chemotaxis

4. activation/phagocytosis

cells kill invaders

chemotaxis

line blood vessels

antiplatelet factors

vasodilation/vasoconstriction

endothelial cells.

helps in clotting

releases inflammatory mediators

platelets

what are the kinds of granulocytes

neutrophils

basophils

eosinophils

mast cells

majority of WBC

first to appear at the site

performs phagocytosis

neutrophils

precursor for mast cells

think allergic reaction

basophils

gets rid of foreign matter

primarily fights parasites

also involved in allergic reactions

eosinophils

located along mucosal surfaces

releases inflammatory mediators

mast cells

what are the agranulocytes

monocytes

macrophages

produce prostaglandins

promotes regeneration of tissue

maintain chronic inflammation

perform phagocytosis

monocytes and macrophages

what are the lymphocytes

b cells

t cells

nk cells

makes antibodies

B cells

activates B cells to start making antibodies

call more immune cells to the scene

Helper T cells

destroys your own cells that have been infected

Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)

kill infected cells faster than killer T cells

Natural Killer (NK) cells

developed from B lymphocytes

plasma cells

IgG, A, M, I, E, and D are all produced by what kind of cell

plasma cells

what we are born with

distinguishes good organisms vs. bad organisms

response is rapid

Innate immunity

what are the major components in innate immunity

skin and mucous membranes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

plasma cells

dendritic cells

what our bodies make

targets specific microbes

longer response time but can recognize and react to a larger amount of microbes

Adaptive immunity

what are the major components of adaptive immunity

B cells and T cells, antibodies, and memory cells

B Cells

antibodies attack germs outside the cell

helpful against: bacteria, toxins, free viruses

humoral immunity

T and NK cells

specifically attacks cells that have already been infected

helpful against: viral infections, cancer cells

cell-mediated immunity

what are the two types of adaptive immunity

humoral

cell mediated

tissue repair is a response to

injury

replacing damaged cells with the same type

regeneration

replacing tissue with scar tissue

less optional

repair

open, red, moist and the tissue is visible when connective tissue tries to heal its scars

granulation tissue

small, clean wound where the edges are close together

primary wound healing

great loss of tissue with contamination

larger open wound where edges cannot easily be brought together

secondary wound healing

what are the phases of wound healing

1. inflammation

2. proliferative

3. remodeling/maturation

what phase of wound healing is characterized by WBC infiltration

inflammation

what phase of wound healing is characterized by formation of new granulation and connective tissue

fibroblasts, collagen, and angiogenesis

proliferative phase

what phase of wound healing is characterized by scar formation

remodeling/maturation phase

found in specific geographic region

endemic

an abrupt and unexpected increase in the number of diseases in a population or region

epidemic

spread of disease beyond continental borders

pandemic

skin/mucous membranes are disrupted and bacteria gets in

penetration

infected person’s body or skin touches another persons skin or mucous membranes

direct contact transmission

a person touches a contaminated surface

indirect/fomite transmission

consumed through the oral cavity and GI tract

ingestion

replication begins, patient often feels no symptoms

incubation period

symptoms begin to reappear

prodromal stage

rapid proliferation of pathogen

this is the worst that the patient will feel

acute phase of infection

pathogen is contained

patient begins to feel better but is still infected

convalescent phase of infection

total elimination of pathogen from the body

resolution stage

what are the techniques for lab diagnoses of infection

culture

serology

genomic sequences