Bio sem 1 final

The combined portions of the planet in which life

exists, including land, water, and the

atmosphere, form the

biosphere

A group of organisms that can breed and

produce fertile offspring is known as a(an)

species

Compared to a community, an ecosystem

includes

the nonliving, physical environment as well

as the community.

An ecological method that uses mathematical

formulas based on data collected is

modeling

An ecologist marks out an area in a specific

ecosystem and proceeds to identify the number

of insect species in the area. This is an example

of ecological

observation

The main source of energy for life on Earth is

sunlight

Organisms that feed on plant and animal

remains and other dead matter are

detritivores

How does a food web differ from a food chain?

A food web links many food chains together

In a biomass pyramid, the base of the pyramid

represents the mass of

producers

The amount of energy represented in each

trophic level of consumers in an energy pyramid

is about

10% of the level below it

Transpiration is part of the

water cycle

Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of

Carbon dioxide

Biologists describe nutrients as moving through

cycles because the substances

are passed between organisms and the
environment and then back to organisms.

The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in
the atmosphere into a form useful to living things
are nitrogen-fixing

bacteria.

When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large
input of a limiting nutrient, the result is

algae bloom

Which of the following is a nonrenewable
resource?

Fossil Fuels

Which of the following is a sustainable-use
strategy that can help prevent desertification?

Contour plowing

The advantage of sustainable development is that
it

provides for human needs without depleting
natural resources.

A mixture of chemicals that occurs as a haze in
the atmosphere is known as

smog.

Plowing the land removes the roots that hold the
soil in place and increases the rate of

soil erosion

The type of biodiversity that includes the
inheritance information carried by the Earth’s
organisms is called

genetic diversity.

Populations of invasive species tend to

increase rapidly

The wise management of natural resources,
including the preservation of habitats and
wildlife, is known as

conservation

By focusing on protecting specific ecosystems,
biologists hope to preserve

global biodiversity

In a food pyramid, biological magnification results in
the

increased amount of a toxic substance in
organisms at the highest level

An increase in the average temperature of the
biosphere is called

global warming

The geological record indicates that Earth’s
climate has

repeatedly changed over its history

A possible effect of global warming is

extinction of organisms in areas where they
once thrived

Depletion of Earth’s protective ozone layer
results in

an increase in the amount of UV radiation
that reaches the surface

The most likely cause of ozone depletion is the

addition of chemicals developed for use
in refrigeration and aerosol cans

The Earth’s polar zones are cold because

at the poles, the sun's rays are at a very low
angle

The upward movement of warm air and the
downward movement of cool air creates

air currents

Earth's temperature range is maintained by

the greenhouse effect

Variation of temperature in the temperate zone is
due primarily to

latitude and season

The tropical zone is warm all year long because

it receives direct or nearly direct sunlight
year-round

Which of the following is a biotic factor in a
bullfrog's niche?

a heron

An organism’s niche is different from its habitat
because

the niche includes all the conditions under
which the organism lives

The attempt by organisms of the same or
different species to use a resource at the same
time in the same place is called

competition

An association between two species in which
one species benefits and the other is neither
helped nor harmed is called

commensalism

When a volcano erupts and completely destroys
an ecosystem, the first species to populate the
area are usually

pioneers such as lichens

When the climate in a small region of a biome is
different from the overall climate of the biome,
the region’s climate is called

microclimate

The ability of an organism to survive under
conditions that differ from its optimal condition is
called

tolerance

Which of the following biomes is characterized
by less than 25 centimeters of annual
precipitation?

desert

Which of the following biomes is characterized
by a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees?

temperate forest

Which of the following biomes is characterized
by the presence of permafrost?

Tundra

Population density is the number of individuals

per unit area

When the birthrate of a population exceeds its
death rate, the population

increases

An S-shaped curve on a graph of population
growth is characteristic of

logistic growth

Exponential growth in a population slows down
or stops as

resources become limited

Exponential growth rate means that each new
generation of a population

increases at the same rate as the previous
generation.

A limiting factor that affects all populations in
similar ways regardless of their size might be

drought

Which of the following would be a limiting factor
affecting the panda population of China?

a disease that kills bamboo plants

Density-dependent factors operate most strongly
when a population is

Large and dense

Within a limited area, if the population of a
predator increases, the population of its prey is
likely to

decrease

Which of the following is a density-independent
factor affecting populations?

destructive hurricane

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes

Energy is released when an ATP molecule is converted to an ADP (adenosine
diphosphate) molecule

Bacteria

unicellular organisms that contain cell walls and ribosomes but do not contain
a nuclear membrane around their genetic material or other organelles common to plant
and animal cells.

Carbon dioxide

a colorless, odorless gas that is produced during respiration and
combustion (burning)

cell

– the smallest structural and functional unit of all organisms that is said to be alive

Cellular respirartion

a process by which energy is released from food

Compound light microscope

an instrument used to magnify small objects. Two or more
lenses (an eye piece and one of several objective lenses) collect light and bend it to
create the larger image.

Eukaryote

an organism in which the genetic material inside of cells is contained within
a distinct nucleus

Multicellular

consisting of many cells

Muscle cell

a long, contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body. Muscle cells contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen) to produce movement

Neuron

a cell that is able to transmit nerve impulses (signals) from one part of the
body to another.

Organelle

a cell structure that performs a specific function

nucleus

an organelle that contains DNA and controls the cell by
regulating when genes are turned on and off

cell membrane

surrounds and protects the cell by regulating what
can go in and out

Photosynthesis

the process by which light energy is used to combine water and
carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen

Prokaryote

single celled organisms that do not contain distinct nuclear membranes
around their genetic material

Bacteria are these.

Protist

eukaryotic organisms that are neither fungi, plants nor animals

Most are unicellular. Examples are amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena

Red Blood Cell

a cell that uses hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the cells and tissues of
the body. Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide back to the respiratory organs

Root Hair cell

a cell found in the roots of plants that absorbs water and nutrients from
the soil

Tissue

a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function. o Together, several groups ____ can form an organ

Unicellular

consisting of a single cell. _______ organisms include bacteria, microalgae, and most protists

White Blood Cell

Cells in the blood that protect against invading pathogens.
are part of the immune system

Consumer

an organism that obtains energy by feeding on organic materials

Organic materials

are carbon-based compounds produced by living things.

Coral

a class of marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that are important reef builders
in tropical oceans

Polyps of stony corals excrete exoskeletons of

calcium carbonate

Coral bleaching

a process in which corals lose their zooxanthellae, usually as a result
of abnormally high water temperatures

Coral Reef

– a complex and diverse marine ecosystem formed on the exoskeletons secreted by stony corals

\-occupy less than 1% of the world’s ocean floor but contain over 25%
of all marine species

Filter Feeder

an organism that eats by straining food, such as plankton, from water

\-includes sponges, manta rays, whale sharks, baleen whales, barnacles, clams, flamingos, and many others

Food Chain

a sequence of organisms in which each organism feeds on the one below.

Food Web

a diagram that shows feeding relationships for a group of organisms

Grazer

an organism that feeds by eating plants, algae, and other immobile organisms

Nutrients

– substances used by an organism for energy, growth, or other processes essential to life.

Important in seawater include nitrates and phosphates.

Ocean Acidification

a decrease in the pH of the ocean, caused by increased absorption
of carbon dioxide from Earth’s atmosphere

pH

– a measure of how many hydrogen ions there are in a solution. The greater the number of hydrogen ions is, the more acidic the solution and the lower

7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, 7 is basic

Plankton

small organisms that live suspended in ocean water

\-produce energy from photosynthesis

predator

an animal that kills and eats other animals

Producer

an organism that converts simple inorganic matter (such as water and carbon dioxide) into organic matter (such as sugar and protein

Sediments

rock fragments that have been transported to a different location

Zooxanthellae

photosynthetic algae that live inside corals

Biotic Factor

the living components that affect an ecosystem

\-include disease-causing bacteria, invasive species, and humans

Black band disease

a disease characterized by a narrow band of microorganisms that gradually spreads across a coral, completely destroying coral tissue as it moves

\-mainly affects massive corals such as star corals and brain corals

Invasive species

an introduced species that is harmful to native species

White band Disease

a coral disease that
generally proceeds from the base of the
colony up toward the branch tips, destroying
coral tissue as it goes.

\-affects two branched coral species in the Caribbean: staghorn coral and elkhorn coral.

Atmosphere

– the gases that surround a planet

* Earth’s _____ consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (1%), and smaller amounts of other gases, including carbon dioxide and methane

Biomass

the total mass of a group of living things