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These flashcards cover key terminology and definitions related to ultrasound physics, useful for exam preparation.
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Ultrasound
Sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz that are used in medical imaging.
Doppler Effect
Change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
Frequency
The number of cycles of a wave that occur in a given unit of time, usually expressed in Hertz (Hz).
Amplitude
The maximum extent of a wave's displacement from its mean position, which is related to the intensity of the wave.
Wavelength
The distance between successive peaks or troughs in a wave, which is inversely related to frequency.
Velocity (of sound in tissue)
The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium, typically 1540 m/s in soft tissue.
Impedance
The acoustic resistance to sound traveling in a medium, calculated by multiplying the density of the medium by the propagation speed.
Aliasing
An artifact in Doppler ultrasound that occurs when the detected frequency exceeds the Nyquist limit, causing erroneous velocity representation.
Dynamic Range
The range between the smallest and largest signal strengths that a system can accurately process, often expressed in decibels.
Bioeffects
The effects of ultrasound exposure on living tissues, including potential thermal and mechanical interactions.
Ultrasound
Sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz that are used in medical imaging.
Doppler Effect
Change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
Frequency
The number of cycles of a wave that occur in a given unit of time, usually expressed in Hertz (Hz).
Amplitude
The maximum extent of a wave's displacement from its mean position, which is related to the intensity of the wave.
Wavelength
The distance between successive peaks or troughs in a wave, which is inversely related to frequency.
Velocity (of sound in tissue)
The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium, typically 1540 m/s in soft tissue.
Impedance
The acoustic resistance to sound traveling in a medium, calculated by multiplying the density of the medium by the propagation speed.
Aliasing
An artifact in Doppler ultrasound that occurs when the detected frequency exceeds the Nyquist limit, causing erroneous velocity representation.
Dynamic Range
The range between the smallest and largest signal strengths that a system can accurately process, often expressed in decibels.
Bioeffects
The effects of ultrasound exposure on living tissues, including potential thermal and mechanical interactions.
Transducer
A device that converts electrical energy into sound waves and vice versa, used to generate and detect ultrasound waves.
Attenuation
The gradual decrease in intensity of the ultrasound beam as it passes through tissue, due to absorption, reflection, and scattering.
Resolution
The ability of an ultrasound system to distinguish between two adjacent structures, often described as axial (along the beam) or lateral (perpendicular to the beam).
Gain
The electronic amplification of received echoes, allowing the operator to adjust the brightness of the image.
Pulse Repetition Frequency
Ultrasound
Sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz that are used in medical imaging.
Doppler Effect
Change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
Frequency
The number of cycles of a wave that occur in a given unit of time, usually expressed in Hertz (Hz).
Amplitude
The maximum extent of a wave's displacement from its mean position, which is related to the intensity of the wave.
Wavelength
The distance between successive peaks or troughs in a wave, which is inversely related to frequency.
Velocity (of sound in tissue)
The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium, typically 1540 m/s in soft tissue.
Impedance
The acoustic resistance to sound traveling in a medium, calculated by multiplying the density of the medium by the propagation speed.
Aliasing
An artifact in Doppler ultrasound that occurs when the detected frequency exceeds the Nyquist limit, causing erroneous velocity representation.
Dynamic Range
The range between the smallest and largest signal strengths that a system can accurately process, often expressed in decibels.
Bioeffects
The effects of ultrasound exposure on living tissues, including potential thermal and mechanical interactions.
Transducer
A device that converts electrical energy into sound waves and vice versa, used to generate and detect ultrasound waves.
Attenuation
The gradual decrease in intensity of the ultrasound beam as it passes through tissue, due to absorption, reflection, and scattering.
Resolution
The ability of an ultrasound system to distinguish between two adjacent structures, often described as axial (along the beam) or lateral (perpendicular to the beam).
Gain
The electronic amplification of received echoes, allowing the operator to adjust the brightness of the image.
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
The number of ultrasound pulses emitted by the transducer per second, directly related to the maximum depth of imaging.
Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI)
The time from the start of one ultrasound pulse to the start of the next pulse, which is the reciprocal of PRF (PRI = 1/PRF).
Spatial Pulse Length (SPL)
The physical length of an ultrasound pulse in the medium, determined by the number of cycles in the pulse multiplied by the wavelength (SPL = ext{number of cycles} imes ext{wavelength}).
Frame Rate
The number of complete images (frames) displayed per second, impacting the ability to visualize motion in real-time.
Time-Gain Compensation (TGC)
A control that allows for selective amplification of echoes based on their depth of origin, compensating for attenuation differences.