Immunology

Bone Marrow

Bone Marrow

It is a soft spongy tissue in the center of certain bones, such as the hip bone and thigh bone.

Thymus

This organ is located in the upper chest beneath the breast bone.

Lymphatic System

Known as the "Major part of immune system"

Lymph

This is also called the lymphatic fluid

Lymph Nodes

It is a bean shaped gland that monitors and cleanse the lymph as it filters the nodes.

Collecting Ducts

This duct connects to the subclavian vein, which returns lymph to the bloodstream.

Lymphatic Vessels

It collects and filter lymph (at the nodes)

Thoracic Ducts

This connects to the subclavian vein, which returns lymph to the bloodstream

Bone Marrow

It is a key component of the lymphatic system, producing the lymphocytes that support the body's immune system

Red Blood Cell

This carries oxygen to the body

White Blood Cell

This fights off infections

Platelet

This helps with blood clotting

Spleen

It is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity (behind the stomach).

White Pulp

It contains lymphocytes and macrophages.

Red Pulp

Site for destruction of injured RBC

Leukocytes

These are cells in the immune system that are involved in defending the body against infection and foreign materials.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All leukocytes are produced and derived from the multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as

Lymphocytes

These cells allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them

Eosinophils

It contains a highly harmful protein to large parasitic worms. It regulates the release of serotonin and histamine as well.

Basophils

It contains histamine and other bioactive mediators of inflammation.

Pancytopenia

A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood.

Spleen

It is the largest lymphatic organ, located in the left side under the ribs and above the stomach.

Mast Cells

This cell contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin

Mast Cells

This medication is an anticoagulant and is given to patients who are bedridden because they are prone to blood clots or thrombosis.

Dendritic Cells

This cell is found in lymphoid tissues and other body areas where antigen enters the body.

Local Infection

This is limited to only one locality of the body.

Primary

This is a type of infection that develops in a healthy individual. It develops after initial exposure to antigen.

Secondary/Opportunistic

An infection that develops in an individual who is already infected with a different pathogen.

Acute

An infection characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression and often with severe symptoms.

Chronic

An infection characterized by delayed onset and slow progression

Systemic Infection

The infectious agent is spread throughout the system or distant parts of the body

Focal Infection

From local infection, it spreads to the other parts of the body.

Host

Any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism

Reservoirs

It is a place where microorganisms lives, such as in humans, animals, in soils, food, plants, air or water.

Portal of Exit

It is the path by which the pathogen leaves its host. It usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized.

Mode of Transmission

It is the weakest link in the chain of infection.

Fecal-oral route

In what route the agent leaves the source host in feces

Susceptible Host

The final link in the chain

Nasal Hairs

Filter out microbes and dust in the nose

Defecation & Vomiting

Expels microbes from the body

Cilia

It traps and removes microbes and dust from the upper respiratory tract

Lysozomes

An enzyme capable of breaking down the cell walls of certain bacteria

Gastric Juices

A mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus.

Saliva

It washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth

Hyaluronic Acid

A gelatinous substance that slows the spread of microorganisms that harms the body

Sebum

Unsaturated fatty acids that provides a protective film on the skin and inhibits growth

Interferons

released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens

Complement

It refers to a group of least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state

Transferrins

Iron-binding CHONs that inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron

Natural Killer Cells

This cell kills a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death during early development to eliminate unwanted cells.

Fever

This enhances the innate immune defenses by stimulating leukocytes to kill pathogens.

Inflammation

Localized response in the tissue that occurs when tissues are damaged or in response to other stimuli

Monocytes

Its extra role is to present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed. This causes an antibody response to be mounted.

Macrophages

Mature forms of blood monocytes

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Group of genes responsible for the recognition of self from non-self

MHC 1 or HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen)

First identified in leukocytes; found on the surface of almost all hosts.

MHC 2

Found mainly on immune system cells; present antigen to T cells; antigen presenting cells

B Lymphocytes / B cells

This is a type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and is essential for humoral immunity

B cells

This cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens, block pathogen invasion, activate the complement system, and enhance pathogen destruction

T Lymphocytes / T cells

This is a type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and is responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Natural Killer Cells / NK Cells

Not identifiable as either T cells or B cells

Stem Cell

This cell is developed in bone marrow or fetal liver diverged into two cell lines.

Infection

It is the colonization of a host by microbial species.

Cytokines

Regulatory proteins that are produces during all phases of an immune response.

Infections

This is classified in multiple ways. They are classified by the causative agents as well as by the constellation of symptoms and medical signs that are produced.

Local Infection

An infection that is restricted to a specific location or region within the body of the host.

Focal Infection

A local infection from which the organism spreads to other parts of the body.

Systemic Infection

An infection that has spread to several regions or areas in the body of the host; It is an infection that affects the bloodstream

Interferons

This protect neighboring cells from invasion by intracellular

Interleukin I

Mediator of the inflammatory response

Interleukin II

Necessary for the proliferation and function of helper T, cytotoxic T, B cells, and NK cells

Interferon

Protect neighboring cells from invasion by intracellular parasites including viruses, rickettsia, malarial parasites, and other organisms.

Thymic Stromal Cell

It provides signal that are essential for thymocyte development.

Central Medulla

This is where thymocytes migrate before leaving the thymus.

Tonsils

These lymphoid organs function is to trap pathogens from the food we eat and the air we breathe

Peyer's Patches

It is a collection of lymph nodules in the small intestines, they are the lymph nodules in the intestines