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476 CE
The year marking the fall of the Western Roman Empire, with the deposition of the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus.
Battle of Adrianople (378 CE)
A key event where the Visigoths defeated Roman forces, leading to large-scale migration into the Roman Empire.
Umayyad Dynasty
A dynasty that ruled from 661–750 CE, expanding into Spain from its capital at Damascus.
Abbasid Dynasty
A dynasty that ruled from 750–1258 CE, centered in Baghdad, noted for marking the Islamic Golden Age.
House of Wisdom
A center in Baghdad established during the Islamic Golden Age, focused on translations, philosophy, science, and mathematics.
Justinian I
Byzantine emperor known for legal reforms (Corpus Juris Civilis) and attempts to restore the Roman Empire’s territories.
Iconoclasm
The debate over the use of religious images in the Byzantine Empire, prominent during the reigns of emperors like Leo III.
Merovingian Dynasty
The dynasty of Frankish rulers that dominated from the 5th to the 8th centuries, starting with Clovis I.
Carolingian Dynasty
Founded by Charles Martel and expanded by Charlemagne, ruling from the 8th to the 10th centuries.
The Feudal System
A social and economic system in Western Europe, developed in the 9th–10th centuries, based on mutual obligations.
Gregorian Reform
A series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII in the 11th century to reduce secular influence on the Church.
Investiture Controversy
Conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV regarding the appointment of church officials, resolved in 1122.
Abbey of Cluny
A monastery founded in 909/910 CE that became a center of reform and ecclesial independence in France.
