bio basics 1

Prokaryotes

cells that contain, cells that contain bacteria, whose organelles are not surrounded by membranes

Eukaryotes

single celled or multi-celled, posses membranes that surround their DNA + organelles, what humans are

cytoplasm

jelly-like material inside the membrane

nucleus

where the cells DNA is held

mitochondria

produces energy for the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

continuous membrane within the nucleus that helps transport, synthesize, modify, and fold proteins

rough ER

embedded ribosomes

smooth ER

lacks ribosomes

Ribosomes

located in the cytoplasm and also the membrane of the rough ER. messenger RNA binds to the ribosomes and proteins are synthesized

DNA

found in the nucleus, ladder shaped

Nucleotides contain…

Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogen base

the 4 nitrogen bases that lead to 4 nucleotides

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

In DNA, Adenine is always paired with…

Thymine

In DNA and RNA, Cytosine is always paired with…

Guanine

Things that differentiate RNA from DNA

Single stranded, sugar is ribose, uracil replaces thymine

In RNA, Adenine is always paired with…

Uracil

In RNA, the sugar is…

ribose

In DNA, the sugar is…

deoxyribose

DNA is short for…

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA is short for…

Ribonucleic acid

Protein synthesis

building proteins out of DNA blueprint using building blocks called amino acids

Step one of protein synthesis

DNA unzips and a segment is copied by RNA in a process called transcription

Step two of protein snythesis

RNA travels out of the nucleus (as mRNA) to a ribosome where translation occurs

Proteins are…

the result of multiple polypetide chains in complex formations, made up of 20 amino acids

what is a polypeptide?

a chain of amino acids, in bundles of three nucleotide called codons

polypeptides are built…

using mRA blueprint in a ribosome

Codons are

three nitrogenous bases in a sequence

what does a codon code for?

a single amino acid

how many combinations of codons are possible?

given the 4 nucleotide bases, 64 possible combinations

what is the function of proteins?

building blocks of cells and tissues, transports substances, activates and regulates bodily functions, provides immunity and fights diseases, catalyzes chemical reactions

where does transcription happen?

in the nucleus

first step in transcription

2 DNA strands split where a gene is present

second step in transcription

RNA molecule is synthesized, copying one strand of the unzipped DNA

third step of transcription

RNA separates from DNA, DNA strands reattach and the free RNA leaves the nucleus membrane as mRNA

Where does translation occur?

in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

First step in translation

mRNA goes to ribosomes, where its information sequence of nucleotides is read

second step in translation

each codon is read

third step of translation

another molecule called tRNA transports single amino acids corresponding to mRNA codon to the ribosome to attach to the building protein chain

what doe tRNA do?

carries the amino acid to the ribosome to assemble into polypeptides

tRNA sequence of nucleotides also

mirror the mRNA codon and is called an anti-codon

a gene is…

the part of a DNA molecule that has enough information to make one protein

differing versions of genes are called…

alleles

DNA within the cell nuclei are arranged into…

chromosomes

chromosomes…

exist in pairs, with one inherited from each parent

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs, making 64 chromosomes

gamete/sex cells with just one half of a chromosome pair are called

haploid cells

somatic cells with the full name of chromosomes, arranged in pairs for a species, are called…

diploid cells

haploid, gametes, sex cells, pairs

diploid, somatic, non-sex cells, seperate

karyotype is

a full set of chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes

same genes

nonhomologous chromosomes

different genes

homozygous chromosomes

same alleles

heterozygous chromosomes

different alleles

logous

gene

zygous

alleles

sex chromosomes are the…

X and Y chromosome

Genome

full map of a species genetic information, a full reading of the DNA comprising each individual chromosome

chromosomes are comprised of

alleles

alleles are

segments of DNA nucleotide bases located at certain and specific locations on a chromosome