ch. 16

WHAT ARE PATHOGENS?

WHAT ARE PATHOGENS?

bacteria, viruses, fungi, or any foreign microorganism that can cause a disease within someone

WHAT IS THE CISTERN CHYLI?

The Cisterna Chyli is the abdominal origin of the thoracic duct within the lymphatic system and it receives the bilateral lumbar lymphatic trunks

WHAT CELLS FUNCTION AS PHAGOCYTIC?

Macrophages, neutrophils, NK Cells, and monocytes

WHAT ARE THE REGIONS ARE CERVICAL LYMPH NODES FILTER?

These nodes are associated with the lymphatic vessels that drain the skin of the scalp and face, as well as the tissues of the nasal cavity and pharynx

WHAT TYPE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARTE INVOLVED IN TYPE I HYPERSENTITIVITY?

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN?

The spleen filters the blood, stores RBCs, conducts phagocytosis of worn out RBCs and foreign particles. It also helps produce lymphocytes and helps defend against infections 

WHAT ARE THE TARGET OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS?

Cancerous cells and Viruses

WHAT IS THE CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE?

The T Cells interact directly with the antigens or antigen-bearing agents to destroy them

GAMMA GLOBULINS WILL PROVIDE WHAT TYPE OF IMMUNITY?

Humoral Immunity Response

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF IMMUNE RESISTANCE DO PEOPLE DEVELOP AFTER FIGHTING OFF AN INFECTIONS?

Active and passive immunity

HOW DOES A VACCINE PRODUCE IT'S EFFECT?

A vaccine provides antigens of a specific pathogen to produce a primary immune response but not enough to produce symptoms

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?

The Lymphatic system functions as a secondary circulatory system that picks up the excess interstitial fluid within the body. It helps manage homeostatic balance and proper BP volume by returning the fluid to the cardiovascular system.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE FROM LYMP AND PLASMA?

Lymph does not have the Plasma Proteins. They are very similar in regards to hydrostatic pressure.

What is the difference between a virus and a pathogen?

A pathogen is any organism, fungi, virus, or bacteria that can cause disease while a virus is a disease-causing agent that must have a living cell to replicate within. 

HYPERSENSITIVITY

The exaggerated immune response to a non-harmful antigen and there are four types of hypersensitivity

WHAT OCCURS DURING PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE?

Primary response is when the body is exposed to an antigen that it does not normally encounter. After having dealt with said antigen, the body then uses memory T and B cells to remember the antigen if it were to occur again.

WHAT PART OF THE ANTIBODY BINDS TO THE ANTIGEN?

The epitope or V regions

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF THE TONSILS?

prevent germs from entering the body through the head or mouth. They also house a lot of WBC’s

WHAT HORMONE REGULATES T LYMPHOCYTES?

thymosin and thymulin

HOW DOES AGING EFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM?

The body loses the ability to protect against infection and cancer. It also loses its ability to heal

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES?

a part of immunotherapy and are produced by B cells. They are produced when the B Cell fuses with a cancer cell, known as a hybridoma

WHAT ARE THE TWO COLLECTING DUCTS THAT DRAION THE LYMPHATIC TRUNKS?

The right lymph duct and the thoracic duct

WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF THE BODIES FIRST IMMUNE RESPONSE?

The first response by the body is innate immunity. This is when phagocytes are activated and antibodies are released to deal with the antigen

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS?

They bear on their cell membrane the antigen of the antigen-bearing agent  that was phagocytized. T and B Cells use this to “remember” these antigens for the next time it may attack.

WHAT IS EDEMA?

Inflammation to the extreme. When too much fluid is trapped in th tissue and can’t go anywhere

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX?

a macrophage bears the antigen of the phagolysosome on it’s surface which the B and T cells use to remember the antigen

WHAT IS DiGeorge syndrome?

a disease where part of chromosome 22 is deleted leaving the body unable to fully develop various systems like the immune or reproductive systems.

LYMPHATIC VESSEL IS SIMILAR TO WHAT VESSELS?

Veins

LYMPH IS WHAT?

The fluid found in the lymphatic system

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE SPLEEN?

part of the filtration and monitoring of blood housing both lymphocytes and macrophages

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM?

IgG and IgM antibodies bind to their antigens which then causes certain sites on the antibodies to be constantly exposed. This system is more effective than direct attack and helps in the immunity of the body.

WHAT IS A HAPTEN?

small molecules that are not antigenic by themselves, but when they combine with a large molecule in the body, they can evoke an immune response

WHAT IS THE ROLE THE PLASMA CELLS?

synthesize and secrete antibodies such as IgM and IgG

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CYTOKINES?

enhance some cellular responses to antigens

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES?

WHERE IS RED AND WHITE PULP FOUND?

White pulp is found in lymphocytes. Red pulp is found in Red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages

WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF INFLAMMATION?

Blood vessels dilate. Capillary permeability increases and fluid leaks into tissue spaces. White blood cells invade the region. Tissue fluids containing clotting factors seep into the area. Fibroblasts arrive. Phagocytes are active. Cells divide.

HOW DOES THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM INFLUENCING BODY FLUIDS?

the lymphatic system influences body fluids by returning the body fluids to the cardiovascular system

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF LYMPH?

Lymph carries pathogenic microorganisms and foreign particles to the lymph nodes, where they are filtered out and acted upon. It also returns excess interstitial fluid and small proteins that were filtered out of the blood capillaries to the bloodstream. Lymph also plays a role in dietary fat absorption and transportation of these fats to the bloodstream.

WHAT IS CLONES?

Group of cells that descend from a single cell and are therefore genetically identical to it

WHAT IS SPECIES RESISTANCE?

A species is resistant to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CLASS II MH PROTEINS, AND CLASS I MHC PROTEINS?

Class 1: in cell membranes of all body cells except red blood cells Class 2: on surfaces of antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells

WHAT IS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE?

An immune response against a person’s own tissues

WHAT IS INNATE DEFENSES?

Inborn, nonspecific defense that blocks entry of or destroys pathogens

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MEMORY B AND T CELLS?

B and T lymphocytes are produced in a primary immune response that can be activated rapidly if the same antigen is encountered again

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MALT?

Initiates immune responses to specific antigens encountered along all mucosal surfaces

WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE?

The cells must first encounter antigens by binding specifically to them using specialized membrane proteins. This binding elicits changes in the activity of the immune cells, termed activation, which is the second step in the adaptive immune response. Third, the immune cells attack invading pathogens or infected cells.  Finally, long-lived, pre-activated immune cells that wait for a subsequent infection are formed in the memory phase of the adaptive immune response

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF INTERLEUKIN-1 SECRETIONS?

It raises thermoregulatory set point

HOW IS A SHORT-TERM LOW-GRADE FEVER EFFECT INNATE DEFENSE?

Elevated body temperature indirectly inhibits microbial growth and increases phagocytic activity

WHAT PROCESS WILL INCREASE LYMPH FORMATION?

Edema

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ANTIGENS?

Receptors on the surface of lymphocytes enable the cells to recognize non-self antigens

WHAT IS THE PATH OF LYMPH FLOWW?

Contraction of skeletal muscles compresses lymphatic vessels, moving the lymph, Respiratory process creates low pressure in thorax, and high pressure in abdomen during inspiration; sends lymph from abdomen to thorax, Smooth muscle in the larger lymphatic vessels contracts to aid in flow of lymph

WHAT CELL TYPES ARE PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR IMMUNITY?

Memory B cells

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM?

cleans up damaged cells, helps your body heal after an injury or an infection and destroys microscopic organisms

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF B LYMPHOCYTES?

Type of WBC that produces and secretes antibodies that bind and destroy nonself molecules

WHERE ARE THE SUPRATROCHLEAR LYMPH NODES LOCATED?

Superficially on the medial side of the elbow

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PLASMA CELLS?

Synthesize and secrete antibodies whose molecular structure is similar to the activated B cells’s antigen receptors

WHAT IS OPSONIZATION?

Alters antigen cell membranes so cells are more susceptible to phagocytosis

WHAT IS THE ROLE OFM THE HILUM?

Depression where blood vessels, nerves, and other structures enter an organ

Know the function of IgA

IgA is prominently found in exocrine gland secretions its major function is to defend against bacteria and viruses

Know the function of IgG

IgG occurs in plasma and tissue fluid and it’s main functions are defending against viruses, bacteria, and toxins. It also activates the complement. 

Know the function of IgM

IgM occurs in plasma and reacts with antigens on some RBC membranes following mismatched blood transfusions aka agglutination; activates complement

Know the function of IgD

IgD is most often found on the cell membranes of B lymphocytes and they activate B Cells

Know the function of IgE

IgE occurs within exocrine gland secretions and helps promote inflammation and allergic response

Autoimmunity

The cells, organs, antibodies, and proteins of the body attack the body instead of protecting it. Type 1 Diabetes is an example of this.

Passive Immunity

The immunity a baby receives from its mother through the placenta.

Herd Immunity

The majority of a population has been vaccinated/ has immunity to a specific disease. Therefore the remaining population that has not been vaccinated will be fine because the disease cannot be given to them.

Innate Immunity

The body uses to naturally defend itself against pathogens.

3 types of innate immunity

1. Physical barrier is our skin 

2. Physiological barrier would be our tears, saliva, stomach pH, and bile

3. Cellular barriers would be leukocytes, macrophages, and the cytokine barrier 

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Our allergies. IgE is overproduced against a specific allergen. This is an immediate reaction that results in symptoms like hives, anaphylactic shock, hay fever, asthma, and eczema.

Type 2 hypersensitivy

An antibody dependent cytotoxic reaction. This is when an antigen binds to a specific cell causes phagocytosis and complement lyses the antigen; transfusion is another reaction

Type 3 hypersensitivity

An immune-complex reaction where antigen-antibody complexes form and deposit into tissues. The antibody complexes cannot be removed and therefore cause damage to tissues through phagocytosis of cells. AN example of this is rheumatoid arthritis

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A delayed-reaction that may affect anyone. It normally results from repeated exposure of skin to an allergen. The allergen activates the T-Cells within the skin which releases chemicals that cause inflammation and eruption.

WHAT OCCURS DURING SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE?

Secondary response is when an antigen that has been in the body before is found and destroyed by the immune system because the body remembers that antigen with the memory cells. Secondary response is normally quicker in regards to the body healing than primary response.

Lysis

The destruction of the cell membrane. This most commonly occurs when the body encounters a foreign cell. It allows the rapid movement of ions and water.

Precipitation

the antigens on the surface of a foreign cell become insoluble

Agglutination

The clumping of antigen-bearing cells. Same as the agglutination that occurs when we receive the wrong blood in a transfusion (This is a part of activation of complement

Opsonization

The antigens on a cell membrane are altered therefore allowing the cell to be more susceptible to phagocytosis

Mononuclear Phagocytic System

composed of the phagocytic cells that line the blood vessels in the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. It is also known as the reticuloendothelial system

Mechanical barriers

the skin and mucous membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Helper T Cells

Produce cytokines when encountering B Cells to the B Cell know of the knew antigen that it found via the surface of an accessory cell like a macrophage

Memory T Cells

Part of the secondary response because they keep the antibodies of previous antigens

NK Cells

Very small population of lymphocytes that focus on viruses and cancers. They destroy them by using perforins which lyse holes in the cell membranes

Plasma cells

The result of the humoral response. When the B cell is activated by the cytokines of the T Cell and has an antigen that fits its receptors, it proliferates cloning itself. The b cells differentiate into either memory b cells or plasma b cells which produce antibodies or immunoglobulin

Adaptive defense

More specific and precise, targeting specific antigens carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules

Nonspecific/ Innate/ Inborn

first line of defense and is intended to  provide an immediate response to invading pathogens without prior exposure

Basophils

inhibit clotting and promote inflammation

Neutrophils

mobile WBCs that kill and digest bacteria

Eosinophils

kill parasites and control inflammation and allergic reactions.

Cellular immune response

performed by immune cells or T cells

Humoral immune response

performed by antibodies or B cells

Spuratrochlear

Depression where blood vessels, nerves, and other structures enter an organ

Pelvic Lymp

hollow place within the ring formed by the sacrum and hip bones

Inguinal

part of the abdomen on either size of the pubic region

Abdominal

space between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet that contains the abdominal viscera

what region of the body is without lymph nodes?

Central Nervous System

Antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction

phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis of antigen

Colony-stimulating factors

stimulate bone marrow to produce lympocytes

interferons

block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells

Interleukins

Control lymphocyte different and proliferation